Baba Yaga (Russian: Ба́ба-Яга́) is, in Slavic folklore, the wild old woman; the witch; mistress of magic; a mythical creature. She is also seen as a forest spirit, leading hosts of spirits. Stories about Baba Yaga have been used in teaching children the importance of reverence for the delicacy of nature and the spirit world. They were also used by worried parents in an attempt to frighten children from wondering far from home.
Baba Yaga's legacy is derived from several Eastern European cultural groups and her character differs depending on who tells it. The outcome of the story, however, usually emphasizes a purity of spirit and polite manners. Baba Yaga can also be a source of guidance when approached correctly. When Baba Yaga is approached without good preparation, sincerity, and due respect, she is dangerous. When too many questions (or the wrong questions) are asked, she is also dangerous. Only by maintaining pure heart and faith, proper respect for her as one's elder, and loving care of her creatures can the encounter be successful.
Etymology
The name differs within the various Slavic languages. "Baba Yaga" is spelled "Baba Jaga" in Polish and as "Ježibaba" in Czech and Slovak. In Slovene, the words are reversed, producing Jaga Baba. The Russian is Бáба-Ягá; Bulgarian uses Баба Яга and Ukrainian, Баба Яґа; all of the last three are transliterated as Baba Yaga.
In South Slavic languages and traditions, there is a similar old witch: Baba Roga (Croatian and Bosnian), and a Cyrillic equivalent, Баба Рога in (Macedonian and Serbian). The word Roga implies that she has horns.
The name of Baba Yaga is composed of two elements. Baba (originally a child's word for Babushka) means an "older or married woman of lower social class," or simply "grandmother" in most Slavic languages. Yaga is a diminutive form of the Slavic name Jadwiga: (Jaga/Jagusia/Jadzia), although some etymologists conjecture other roots for the word. For example, Vasmer mentions the Proto-Slavic ęgа.
Folklore
In Russian tales, Baba Yaga is portrayed as a hag who flies through the air in a mortar, using the pestle as a rudder and sweeping away the tracks behind her with a broom made out of silver birch. She lives in a log cabin that moves around on a pair of dancing chicken legs. The keyhole to her front door is a mouth filled with sharp teeth; the fence outside is made with human bones with skulls on top—often with one pole lacking its skull, leaving a place where she can threaten to place the hero's skull after eating them. In another legend, the house does not reveal the door until it is told a magical phrase, "Turn your back to the forest, your front to me."
In some tales, her house is connected with three riders: One in white, riding a white horse with white harness, who is Day; a red rider, who is the Sun; and one in black, who is Night. She is served by invisible servants inside the house. She will explain about the riders if asked, but may kill a visitor who inquires about the servants.
Baba Yaga is sometimes shown as an antagonist, and sometimes as a source of guidance; there are stories where she helps people with their quests, and stories in which she kidnaps children and threatens to eat them. Seeking out her aid is usually portrayed as a dangerous act. An emphasis is placed on the need for proper preparation and purity of spirit, as well as basic politeness.
In the folk tale Vasilissa the Beautiful, the young girl of the title is sent to visit Baba Yaga on an errand and is enslaved by her, but the hag's servants—a cat, a dog, a gate, and a tree—help Vasilissa to escape because she has been kind to them. In the end, Baba Yaga is turned into a crow. Similarly, Prince Ivan, in The Death of Koschei the Deathless, is aided against her by animals whom he has spared.
In another version of the Vasilissa story recorded by Alexander Afanasyev, Vasilissa is given three impossible tasks that she solves using a magic doll given to her by her mother.[1]
In some fairy tales, such as The Feather of Finist the Falcon, the hero meets not with one but three Baba Yagas. Such figures are usually benevolent, giving the hero advice, or magical presents, or both.
Baba Jaga in Polish folklore differs in details. For example, the Polish Baba Jaga's house has only one chicken leg.
Cabin on chicken legs
A "cabin on chicken legs with no windows and no doors" in which Baba Yaga dwells sounds like pure fantasy. In fact, this is an interpretation of an ordinary construction popular among hunter-gatherer nomadic peoples of Siberia of Uralic (Finno-Ugric) and Tungusic families, invented to preserve supplies against animals during long periods of absence. A doorless and windowless log cabin is built upon supports made from the stumps of two or three closely grown trees cut at the height of eight to ten feet. The stumps, with their spreading roots, give a good impression of "chicken legs." The only access into the cabin is via a trapdoor in the middle of the floor.
A similar but smaller construction was used by Siberian pagans to hold figurines of their gods. Recalling the late matriarchy among Siberian peoples, a common picture of a bone-carved doll in rags in a small cabin on top of a tree stump fits a common description of Baba Yaga, who barely fits in her cabin, with legs in one corner, head in another one, her nose grown into the ceiling. There are indications that ancient Slavs had a funeral tradition of cremation in huts of this type. In 1948, Russian archaeologists Yefimenko and Tretyakov discovered small huts of the described type with traces of corpse cremation and circular fences around them.
In popular culture
Baba Yaga is a favorite subject of Russian films and cartoons. The animated film Bartok the Magnificent features Baba Yaga as a main character, but not the antagonist. Indeed, the film Vasilissa the Beautiful by Aleksandr Rou, featuring Baba Yaga, was the first feature with fantasy elements in the Soviet Union, and the figure appeared often during the Soviet era.[2] At that time, she was interpreted as an exploiter of her animal servants.[3]
Baba Yaga is the primary antagonist in the fantasy novel Enchantment by Orson Scott Card, appears in the short story "Joseph & Koza" by Nobel Prize-winning writer Isaac Bashevis Singer, and is regularly featured in stories in Jack and Jill, a popular children's magazine.[4]
Baba Yaga has also been portrayed in two famous musical works. Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition, a suite for piano composed in 1874, features "The Hut on Bird's Legs (Baba Yaga)" as its penultimate movement. Baba Yaga, a symphonic poem by Anatoly Lyadov, depicts the Baba Yaga summoning her mortar, pestle, and broom, and then flying through the forest.
Clarissa Pinkola Estes, the Jungian author of Women Who Run With the Wolves, utilized various fairy tales to depict the stages of women's development. Estes was born of Hungarian and Mexican ancestry and focused her study on the stories share by both cultures. One story in her book is about "Vasilisa the Wise" and her encounter with Baba Yaga. In this case, both characters are symbols for the different phases of life.[5] Baba Yaga has also made several appearances in the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game.
Notes
- ↑ Alexander Afanasyev, Vasilissa the Beautiful SurLaLune Fiary Tales. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
- ↑ J. Graham, Baba Yaga in Film. Retrieved September 16, 2007.
- ↑ Angela Carter, The Old Wives' Fairy Tale Book (New York, NY: Pantheon, 1995, ISBN 0679740376)
- ↑ Big Red Toybox, Jack and Jill Magazines Retrieved August 9, 2007.
- ↑ Radiance Magazine, Women Who Run With the Wolves. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Carter, Angela. The Old Wives' Fairy Tale Book. New York, NY: Pantheon, 1995. ISBN 0679740376
- Davidson, Hilda Ellis, and Anna Chaudhri (Eds.). A Companion to the Fairy Tale. New York, NY: D.S. Brewer, 2003. ISBN 0859917843
- Eason, Cassandra. A Complete Guide to Faeries & Magical Beings: Explore the Mystical Realm of the Little People. Boston, MA: Red Wheel/Weiser, 2002. ISBN 978-1578632671
- Estes, Clarissa Pinkola. Women Who Run with the Wolves. Ballentine Books, 1996. ISBN 0345409876
- Frierson, Cathy A. Peasant Icons: Representatives of Rural People in Late Nineteenth Century Russia. New York, NY: Oxford Press, 1993. ISBN 0195072944
- Mamonova, Tatyana. Russian Women's Studies: Essays on Sexism in Soviet Culture. Oxford: Perganon Press, 1989. ISBN 0807762105
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