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Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (December 6, 1778 – May 9, 1850) was a French chemist and physicist whose discovery of the law of combining volumes of gases in chemical reactions paved the way for our understanding of molecules and atoms. He also demonstrated that different gases expand at the same rate when subject to an increase in temperature at constant pressure. He was a co-discoverer of the element boron. His work demonstrated his talent for uncovering the principles that underlie outward phenomena, and it had a lasting effect on the history of chemistry and physics.

Abnormal psychology is the field devoted to the study of causes of mental dysfunction (mental illness, psychopathology, maladjustment, emotional disturbance). Abnormal behavior expressed because of psychological dysfunction can have features of deviance (depending on the culture), distress, and possible injury to self or others. Abnormal psychology studies the causes and possible treatments of these dysfunctions.