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Viktor Borisovich Shklovsky (January 24, [O.S. January 12] 1893 – December 6, 1984) was a Russian and Soviet literary theorist, critic, writer, and pamphleteer. He was one of the major figures associated with the development of Russian Formalism, which fundamentally changed how literary criticism worked. As the name implies, Formalism focused not on what the content of the story was, but rather on how it was told. His contributions to Formalist ideas, like "Art as Technique" and the narrative distinction between the "fabula" and the "sjuzhet," gave critics a new vocabulary to analyze literary works.

An oil is any substance that is in a viscous liquid state ("oily" state) at or slightly above ambient temperatures, and is both hydrophobic (immiscible with water, literally "water fearing") and lipophilic (miscible with other oils, literally "fat loving"). There are many types of oils, including vegetable oils, petrochemical oils, and volatile essential oils. They are used for food, fuel, lubrication, and the manufacture of paints, plastics, and other materials. Specially prepared oils are used in some religious ceremonies as purifying agents.