Carleton S. Coon
Carleton Stevens Coon (June 23, 1904 – June 3, 1981) was an American physical anthropologist and archaeologist, best remembered for his work on the origin of races. Like his mentor, Earnest Hooton, Coon published a variety of books that brought his ideas to the general public. Although popular, his work generated significant controversy as it was open to racist interpretations, namely that there are distinct human sub-species and consequently human beings of different abilities and value.
Coon's work was an attempt to develop a scientifically based account of the racial differences among human beings, but without data to show that all human beings are descended from the same original lineage, and thus that we belong to one extended family, it only provided justification for racism.
Life
Coon was born in Wakefield, Massachusetts to a wealthy Yankee family. He developed an interest in prehistory, and decided to attend Phillips Academy in Andover. There he studied hieroglyphics, at the same time developing a proficiency in the ancient Greek language. He then went on to study Egyptology at Harvard University with George Andrew Reisner. However, like many other students, he was influenced toward the field of anthropology by Earnest Hooton, graduating magna cum laude in 1925.
Coon continued in Harvard, making the first of many trips to North Africa in 1925. There, he conducted fieldwork in the Rif area of Morocco, which was politically unsettled after a rebellion of the local populace against the Spanish. Coon earned his Ph.D. in 1928, and returned to Harvard as a lecturer and later a professor. He continued teaching at Harvard until 1948.
In 1939, he published a revision of William Z. Ripley's The Races of Europe (1899), which brought great success. Coon, like his mentor Hooton, wrote widely for a general audience, and his books were well accepted. He continued his field studies and published several novels and fictionalized accounts of those trips to North Africa, including The Riffian, Flesh of the Wild Ox, Measuring Ethiopia, and A North Africa Story: The Anthropologist as OSS Agent. This last book was an account of his work during World War II for the United States Office of Strategic Services, which involved espionage and the smuggling of arms to French resistance groups in German-occupied Morocco under the guise of anthropological fieldwork. Later, this activity was severely criticized by the scientific community in the name of scientific ethics.
In 1948 Coon left Harvard to take up a position as professor of snthropology at the University of Pennsylvania, which had an excellent museum attached to it. Throughout the 1950s Coon produced a series of academic papers, as well as many popular books for the general reader, like his most popular The Story of Man (1954). From 1948 to 1951 Coon did research in Iraq and Iran, and in Afghanistan in 1954.
Coon served as president of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in 1961-1962. He conducted several more expeditions to Africa in the 1960s. Coon died in 1981 in Gloucester, Massachusetts.
Work
Coon's main hypothesis was that modern humans (Homo sapiens) arose through five separate lines from Homo erectus, in five separate geographical locations: "each subspecies, living in its own territory, passed a critical threshold from a more brutal to a more 'sapient' state."
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Coon attempted to use Darwin's theory of natural selection to explain the differing physical characteristics of various racial groups. He believed that different racial types struggled for domination over each other, in the same way that natural selection applies to other animal species. He wrote that "historically different strains in one population have showed differential survival values and often one has reemerged at the expense of others" (Coon 1939). Thus, Coon argued that, in their evolutionary development, different races reached the stage of Homo sapiens at different times, which explains why races achieved different levels of civilization.
Coon’s work was extremely controversial. His explanation of multilinear racial development and his emphasis on the white race led many commentators to criticize him for "scientific racism" common to the early twentieth century. His proponents, on the other hand, saw Coon’s work as an attempt to explain racial proliferation and development in scientific terms.
In 1962 he published his magnum opus, The Origin of Races. This book was widely denounced in anthropological circles, as physical anthropology had changed greatly since his time as an undergraduate at Harvard. Contemporary researchers such as Sherwood Washburn and Ashley Montagu were influenced by the modern synthesis in biology and population genetics, as well as a Boasian revolt against typological racial thinking. In this climate, the human species was regarded as a continuous "serial" progression of populations, rather than the five "parallel" genetically distinct races in Coon's account.
The 1960s were a controversial time for racial theories, and Coon's cousin, Carleton Putnam, suggested that Coon's work, among others, justified racial segregation. Coon stepped down as President of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in protest after the association voted to censure Putnam's book Race and Reason: A Yankee view. Coon continued to write and defend his work until his death.
Legacy
Carleton Coon was a pioneer of physical anthropology. In his studies he advocated a holistic approach to anthropology, incorporating into his research elements of ethnography, social anthropology, physical anthropology, and archaeology.
He conducted numerous studies all around the world on the origins and variations of human racial types. His ideas generated controversy that has continued since his death.
Publications
- Coon, Carleton S. 1932. Flesh of the wild ox. William Morrow & Company.
- Coon, Carleton S. 1933. The Riffian. Little, Brown, and Company.
- Coon, Carleton S. 1936. Measuring Ethiopia. Jonathan Cape.
- Coon, Carleton S. 1951. Caravan: The Story of the Middle East: A North Africa Story. Henry Holt and Co.
- Coon, Carleton S. 1957. Seven Caves: Archaeological Exploration in the Middle East. Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0224601113
- Coon, Carleton S. 1962. The Origin of Races. Random House. ISBN 0394301420
- Coon, Carleton S. 1962. The Story of Man: From the First Human to Primitive Culture and Beyond. Random House. ISBN 0394447395
- Coon, Carleton S. 1973 (original 1965). Living Races of Man. Random House. ISBN 0394433726
- Coon, Carleton S. 1968. Yengema Cave Report (University Museum Monographs, No 31). University Museum Publications. ISBN 0934718237
- Coon, Carleton S. 1969. The Story of Man. New York : Knopf. ISBN 0394447395
- Coon, Carleton S. 1972. The Races of Europe. Greenwood Press Reprint. ISBN 0837163285.
- Coon, Carleton S. 1974. Mountains of Giants: A Racial and Cultural Study of the North Albanian Mountain Ghegs. Periodicals Service Co. ISBN 0527012580
- Coon, Carleton S. 1977. The Hunting Peoples. Penguin (Non-Classics). ISBN 0140218874
- Coon, Carteton S. 1980. A North African Story: The Anthropologist as OSS Agent 1941-1943. Gambit Publications. ISBN 0876451083
- Coon, Carleton S. 1981. Adventures and Discoveries: The Autobiography of Carleton S. Coon. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0130140279
- Coon, Carleton S. 1982. Racial Adaptations. Burnham, Inc. ISBN 0882298062
- Coon, Carleton S., Garn, Stanley M. & Joseph B. Birdsell. 1981. Races: A Study of the Problems of Race Formation in Man. Greenwood Press Reprint. ISBN 0313228787
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Dobzhansky, Theodosius, Ashley Montagu & C. S. Coon. 1963. "Two Views of Coon's Origin of Races (with Comments by Coon and Replies)" in Current Anthropology 4 (4): 360-367.
- Harrington, Spencer P.M. 1999. "Hybrid Humans?" in Archaeological Institute of America 52: 4.
- Howells, W.W. 1989. "Carleton Coon, 23 June, 1904 – 3 June, 1981 (obituary)" in Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 58: 108-131.
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