Emily Hobhouse
Emily Hobhouse (April 9, 1860—June 8, 1926) was a British welfare campaigner, who is primarily remembered for her work related to British concentration camps in South Africa. Despite criticism and hostility from the British government and media, she succeeded in bringing to the attention of the British public the appalling conditions inside the camps for Boer women and children during the Second Boer War. Her report caused uproar, and led to the Fawcett Commission's visit to the camps, confirming her report and bringing about positive change. Hobhouse became an honorary citizen of South Africa for her humanitarian work. She stands as an example of one who lived not for her self-centered gain but risked her own health and personal happiness in her quest to serve others.
Life
Emily Hobhouse was born on April 9, 186 in Liskeard, Cornwall, in Great Britain. She was the daughter of an Anglican rector, and sister of Leonard Hobhouse. Her mother died when she was 20, and she spent the next 14 years looking after her father who was in poor health.
When her father died in 1895 she went to Minnesota, United States to perform welfare work amongst Cornish mineworkers living there, a trip organized by the wife of the Archbishop of Canterbury. There she became engaged to John Carr Jackson and the couple bought a ranch in Mexico. However, this did not prosper and the engagement was broken off. She returned to England in 1898 after losing most of her money in a speculative venture.
In 1899, at the outbreak of the Second Boer War, she became involved with the South African Conciliation Committee. It was there that she heard of the high mortality rate in the Boer concentration camps. Visiting them, she saw first hand the horrors. She publicized the problems and demanded reform. Her report, which remains a classic in its moving descriptions of the suffering of women and children, brought about change, but too late for too many victims.
Hobhouse was an avid opponent of the World War I and protested vigorously against it. Through her offices, thousands of women and children were fed daily for more than a year in central Europe after this war.
Hobhouse died in London in 1926 and her ashes were ensconced in a niche in the National Women's Monument at Bloemfontein, South Africa.
Work
When the Second Boer War broke out in October 1899, a Liberal MP, Leonard Courtney, invited Hobhouse to become secretary of the women's branch of the South African Conciliation Committee, of which he was president. Upon taking up her position, Hobhouse wrote:
It was late in the summer of 1900 that I first learned of the hundreds of Boer women that became impoverished and were left ragged by our military operations… the poor women who were being driven from pillar to post, needed protection and organized assistance.[1]
She set up the Distress Fund for South African Women and Children and sailed for South Africa on December 7, 1900 to supervise its distribution. At the time, she only knew about the concentration camp at Port Elizabeth, but on arrival found out about the many other camps (34 in total).
She arrived at the camp at Bloemfontein on January 24, 1901 and was shocked by the conditions she encountered:
They went to sleep without any provision having been made for them and without anything to eat or to drink. I saw crowds of them along railway lines in bitterly cold weather, in pouring rain - hungry, sick, dying and dead. Soap was an article that was not dispensed. The water supply was inadequate. No bedstead or mattress was procurable. Fuel was scarce and had to be collected from the green bushes on the slopes of the kopjes (small hills) by the people themselves. The rations were extremely meagre and when, as I frequently experienced, the actual quantity dispensed fell short of the amount prescribed, it simply meant famine.[2]
Hobhouse had persuaded the authorities to let her visit several camps and to deliver aid – her report on conditions at the camps, set out in her report to the Committee of the Distress Fund for South African Women and Children, entitled Report of a Visit to the Camps of Women and Children in the Cape and Orange River Colonies was delivered to the British government in June 1901.
What most distressed Hobhouse was the suffering of the undernourished children. Diseases such as measles, bronchitis, pneumonia, dysentery, and typhoid had invaded the camp with fatal results. In addition, overcrowding and bad unhygienic conditions, were the causes of a mortality rate that in the eighteen months during which the camps were in operation reached a total of 26,370, of which 24,000 were children under 16 and infants. About 50 children died every day.
The following extracts from the report by Emily Hobhouse (1901) make very clear the extent of culpable neglect by the authorities:
It presses hardest on the children. They droop in the terrible heat, and with the insufficient unsuitable food; whatever you do, whatever the authorities do, and they are, I believe, doing their best with very limited means, it is all only a miserable patch on a great ill. Thousands, physically unfit, are placed in conditions of life which they have not strength to endure. In front of them is blank ruin…If only the British people would try to exercise a little imagination – picture the whole miserable scene. Entire villages rooted up and dumped in a strange bare place.
Above all one would hope that the good sense, if not the mercy, of the English people, will cry out against the further development of this cruel system which falls with crushing effect upon the old, the weak, and the children. May they stay the order to bring in more and yet more. Since Old Testament days was ever a whole nation carried captive?
Late in 1901 the camps ceased to receive new families and conditions improved in some camps; but the damage was done.
When Hobhouse requested soap for the people, she was told that soap is an article of luxury. She nevertheless succeeded, after a struggle, to have it listed as a necessity, together with straw, more tents, and more kettles in which to boil the drinking water. She distributed clothes and supplied pregnant women with mattresses and personal hygiene materials.
Hobhouse also visited camps at Norvalspont, Aliwal North, Springfontein, Kimberley, and Orange River.
When Hobhouse returned to England, she received scathing criticism and hostility from the British government and the media, but eventually succeeded in obtaining more funding to help the victims of the war. She also managed to successfully lobby the government for an investigation of the conditions in the camps. The British Liberal leader at the time, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, denounced what he called the "methods of barbarism." The British government eventually agreed to set up the Fawcett Commission to investigate her claims, under Millicent Fawcett, which corroborated her account of the shocking conditions. They were highly critical of the running of the camps and made numerous recommendations, for example improvements in diet and provision of proper medical facilities.
Hobhouse returned to Cape Town in October 1901, but was not permitted to land and was eventually deported five days after arriving, no reason being given. Hobhouse then went to France where she wrote the book The Brunt of the War and Where it Fell on what she saw during the war.
After Hobhouse had met the Boer generals she learned from them that the distress of the women and children in the concentration camps had contributed to their final resolution to surrender to Britain. She saw it then as her mission to assist in healing the wounds inflicted by the war and to support efforts aimed at rehabilitation and reconciliation. With this objective in view, she visited South Africa once more in 1903. She decided to set up Boer home industries and to teach young women spinning and weaving.
Ill health, however, from which she never recovered, forced her to return to England in 1908. She traveled to South Africa again in 1913 for the inauguration of the National Women's Monument in Bloemfontein, but had to turn back at Beaufort West due to her failing health.
Legacy
Hobhouse became an honorary citizen of South Africa for her humanitarian work there. Her house in St. Ives, Cornwall, now forms part of The Porthminster Hotel, where a commemorative plaque situated within what was her lounge, was unveiled by the South African High Commissioner Kent Durr as a tribute to her humanitarianism and heroism during the Anglo-Boer War.
The southernmost town in Eastern Free State is named Hobhouse, after her. as was a Spitj African Navy submarine, the Emily Hobhouse.
Hobhouse was shocked that her own countrymen did not respond well to her efforts. She truly believed that the British public, and government, would respond with righteous indignation when she told them the truth about the horrors she had witnessed in the concentration camps. Instead, she fought a lonely battle to have her concerns addressed, yet she never abandoned those in need. A month before her death in 1926 she wrote:
My work in the concentration camps in South Africa made almost all my people look down upon me with scorn and derision. The press abused me, branded me a rebel, a liar, an enemy of my people, called me hysterical and even worse. One or two newspapers, for example the Manchester Guardian, tried to defend me, but it was an unequal struggle with the result that the mass of the people was brought under an impression about me that was entirely false. I was ostracized. When my name was mentioned, people turned their backs on me. This has now continued for many years and I had to forfeit many a friend of my youth.
Publications
- Hobhouse, Emily. 1901. Report of a visit to the camps of women and children in the Cape and Orange River colonies. London: Friars Printing Association, Ltd.
- Hobhouse, Emily. [1902] 2007. The brunt of war and where it fell. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1432535897
- Hobhouse, Emily. 1903. After the war: Letters from Miss Emily Hobhouse respecting the Transvaal and Orange River colonies. London: National Press Agency.
- Hobhouse, Emily. 1924. War without glamour: or, Women's war experiences written by themselves, 1899-1902. Bloemfontein: Nasionale Pers Beperk. ISBN 095447614X ISBN 9780954476144
- Hobhouse, Emily. 1929. Emily Hobhouse: A memoir. London: J. Cape.
- Hobhouse, Emily. 1984. Boer War letters. Human & Rousseau. ISBN 0798118237
Notes
- ↑ Emily Hobhouse Retrieved June 25, 2007.
- ↑ Emily Hobhouse Retrieved June 25, 2007.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Emily Hobhouse. Anglo-Boar War Museum. Retrieved on December 31, 2021.
- Fockens, Johanna. Emily Hobhouse. Protea Boekhuis, 1997. ISBN 0620220430
- Lee, Emanuel. To the bitter end. New York: Viking, 1986. ISBN 0670801437
- Pakenham, Thomas. The Boer War. Harper Perennial, 1992. ISBN 0380720019
- Roberts, Brian. Those bloody women: Three heroines of the Boer War. London: J. Murray, 1991. ISBN 0719548586
- Terblanche, Annette. Emily Hobhouse. Johannesburg: Afrikaanse pers-boekhandel, 1948.
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