Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin
Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin (Гаври́ла Рома́нович Держа́вин, July 14, 1743 – July 20, 1816) was Russia's finest eighteenth century poet, and generally considered the greatest Russian poet before Alexander Pushkin. Due to Pushkin's role as the founder of modern Russian poetry and the Russian literary language, Derzhavin's works are traditionally assigned to the period of literary Classicism, but his best verse is full of antitheses and conflicting sounds in a manner more reminiscent of the English poet, John Donne, and the Metaphysical poets.
Life
Derzhavin was born in Kazan. His father, a Tatar, was a poor country squire who died when Gavrila was still young. He received only a little formal education at the gymnasium in Kazan, before he left for Petersburg as a Private in the Guards. There he rose to the highest offices of state under Catherine the Great. He first impressed his commanders during the Pugachev rebellion. Politically astute, his career advanced when he left the military service for civil service. He rose to the positions of Governor of Olonets (1784) and Tambov (1785), personal secretary to the empress (1791), President of the College of Commerce (1794), and finally became the Minister of Justice (1802). He retired in 1803 and spent the rest of his life in the country estate at Zvanka near Novgorod, writing idylls and anacreontic verse. He died in 1816 and was buried in the Khutyn Monastery near Zvanka, reburied by the Soviets in the Novgorod Kremlin and then re-interred at Khutyn.
Works
Derzhavin is best remembered for his odes dedicated to the empress and other of his fellow courtiers. He came to the empress's attention with his ode "Felitsa," which flattered her while mocking some of her courtiers. He paid little attention to the prevailing system of poetic genres, and many a time would fill an ode with mournful, humorous, or satiric contents. His images were often jarring. In his grand ode to the empress, for instance, he mentions searching for fleas in his wife's hair and compares his own poetry to lemonade.
Unlike other Classicist poets, Derzhavin found delight in carefully chosen detail, like the color of wallpaper in his bedroom or a poetical inventory of his daily meal. He believed that the melodious French language was a language of harmony, while the less sonorous Russian was a language of conflict. Although he relished harmonious alliterations, sometimes he would deliberately use the instrument of his verse to create the effect of cacophony.
Derzhavin's major odes were the impeccable "On the Death of Prince Meschersky" (1779), the playful "Ode to Felicia" (1784), the lofty "God" (1785), which was translated into all the languages of Europe, "Waterfall" (1794), occasioned by the death of Russian statesman and a favorite of Empress Catherine, Prince Potemkin, and "Bullfinch" (1800), a poignant elegy on the death of his friend, Count Alexander Suvorov—like Potemkin a military general.[1] He also provided lyrics for the first Russian national anthem, Grom pobedy, razdavajsya! (Let the sound of victory sound!)
Influence
According to the influential Russian literary critic, D.S. Mirsky, Derzhavin was first rate poet, but, unlike Pushkin, did not leave a lasting influence on poetic style or influence a poetic school. "Derzhavin's poetry is a universe of amazing richness; its only drawback was that the great poet was of no use either as a master or as an example. He did nothing to raise the level of literary taste or to improve the literary language, and as for his poetical flights, it was obviously impossible to follow him into those giddy spheres."[2] Nevertheless, Nikolay Nekrasov professed to follow Derzhavin rather than Pushkin, and Derzhavin's line of broken rhythms was continued by Marina Tsvetaeva in the twentieth century.
Memorable Lines
- Gde stol byl yastv, tam grob stoit. (Where used to be a table full of viands, a coffin now stands)
- Ya tsar, - ya rab, - ya cherv, - ya bog. (I'm a tsar - I'm a slave - I'm a worm - I'm a God)
Lines Found at Derzhavin's Table After His Death
The current of Time's river
Will carry off all human deeds
And sink into oblivion
All peoples, kingdoms and their kings.
And if there's something that remains
Through sounds of horn and lyre,
It too will disappear into the maw of time
And not avoid the common pyre... [lines broken]
Notes
- ↑ Russian Poetry.net, On the Death of Prince Meschersky. Retrieved August 3, 2007; Russian poetry.net, God. Retrieved August 3, 2007; Russian Poetry.net, The Bullfinch. Retrieved August 3, 2007.
- ↑ D.S. Mirsky, A History of Russian Literature. (Northwestern University, 1999.), p. 53. ISBN 0-8101-1679-0
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Crone, Anna Lisa. The Daring of Derzavin: The Moral and Aesthetic Independence of the Poet in Russia. Slavica, 2001. ISBN 0893572950
- Grot, Y.K. Life of Derzhavin, 1883.
- Khodasevich,V.F. Derzhavin. Berlin, 1931.
- Mirsky, D.S. A History of Russian Literature. Northwestern University, 1999. ISBN 0810116790
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