Grand jury
|
| Criminal procedure |
|---|
| Criminal investigation |
| Arrest  · Warrant |
| Criminal prosecution |
| Bail |
| Evidence (law)  · Extradition |
| Grand jury  · Habeas corpus |
| Indictment  · Plea bargain |
| Statute of limitations |
| Trial |
| Double jeopardy  · Jury |
| Rights of the accused |
| Self-incrimination |
| Sentence (law) |
| Post-sentencing |
| Pardon |
| Parole |
| Probation |
A grand jury is a type of jury, in the common law legal system, part of criminal procedure, which determines if there is enough evidence for a trial. Grand juries carry out this duty by examining evidence presented to them by a prosecutor and issuing indictments, or by investigating alleged crimes and issuing presentments. A grand jury is traditionally larger and distinguishable from a petit jury, which is used during the trial.
As a body of qualified individuals who hear complaints of an offense and ascertain if there is prima-facie evidence for an indictment, the grand jury offers valuable service to society. In this system, the value of a judgment by one's peers is acknowledged through recognizing the rationality and maturity of human beings and their quest to make a valuable contribution beyond themselves to their community and world.
History
A grand jury is part of the system of checks and balances, preventing a case from going to trial on a prosecutor's bare word. The grand jury, as an impartial panel of ordinary citizens, must first decide whether there exists reasonable suspicion or probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed. The grand jury can compel witnesses to testify before them. Unlike the trial itself, the grand jury's proceedings are secret; the defendant and his or her counsel are generally not present for other witnesses' testimony. The grand jury's decision is either a "true bill" (meaning that there is a case to answer) or "no true bill." Jurors typically are drawn from the same pool of citizens as a petit jury, and participate for a specific time period.
The first grand jury was held in England in 1166. The grand jury was recognized by King John in the Magna Carta in 1215, on demand of the people. Its roots stretch back as early as 997 C.E., when an Anglo-Saxon king, Ethelred the Unready, charged an investigative body of his reign that it should go about its duty by accusing no innocent person, and sheltering no guilty one.[1]
Today
Grand juries are today virtually unknown outside the United States. The United Kingdom abandoned grand juries in 1933, and instead uses a committal procedure, as do all Australian jurisdictions. In Australia, although the State of Victoria maintains provisions for a grand jury in the Crimes Act 1958 under section 354 Indictments, it has been used on rare occasions by individuals to bring other persons to court seeking them to be committed for trial on indictable offenses. New Zealand abolished the grand jury in 1961. Canada abolished it in the 1970s. Today approximately half of the states in the U.S. employ them,[2] and only twenty-two require their use, to varying extents.[3] Most jurisdictions have abolished grand juries, replacing them with the preliminary hearing at which a judge hears evidence concerning the alleged offenses and makes a decision on whether the prosecution can proceed.
Types of grand juries
Federal grand juries
Charges involving "capital or infamous crimes" under federal jurisdiction must be presented to a grand jury, under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This has been interpreted to permit bypass of the grand jury for misdemeanor offenses, which can be charged by prosecutor's information.
State grand juries
Unlike many other provisions of the Bill of Rights, the Supreme Court has ruled that this requirement does not pertain to the state courts via the Fourteenth Amendment, and states therefore may elect to not use grand juries.
Civil grand juries
California and Nevada have what are known as civil grand juries. In California, each county is required by the state constitution to have at least one grand jury empaneled at all times. Most grand juries are seated on a fiscal cycle, namely, July to June. Most counties have panels consisting of 19 jurors, some have as few as 11 jurors. All actions by a grand jury require a two-thirds vote. Jurors are usually selected on a volunteer basis.
These county level grand juries primarily focus on oversight of government institutions at the county level and lower. Almost any entity which receives public money can be examined by the grand jury, including county government, cities, and special districts. Each panel selects the topics which it wishes to examine each year. A jury is not allowed to continue an oversight from a previous panel. If a jury wishes to look at a subject which a prior jury was examining, it must start its own investigation and independently verify all information. It may use information obtained from the prior jury but this information must be verified before it can be used by the current jury. Upon completing its investigation, the jury may, but is not required to, issue a report detailing its findings and recommendations. This report is the only public record of the grand jury's work; there is no minority report. Each published report includes a list of those public entities which are required or requested to respond. The format of these responses is dictated by law, as is the time span in which they must respond.
Civil grand juries develop areas to examine by two avenues: Juror interests and public complaints. Complaints filed by the public are kept confidential. The protection of whistleblowers is one of the primary reasons for the confidential nature of the grand jury's work.
The law governing grand juries may differ in Nevada.
Legal aspects of the grand jury
A grand jury is part of the system of checks and balances, preventing a case from going to trial on a prosecutor's bare word. The grand jury, as an impartial panel of ordinary citizens, must first decide whether there exists reasonable cause or probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed. The grand jury can compel witnesses to testify before them. Unlike the trial itself, the grand jury's proceedings are secret; the defendant and his or her counsel are generally not present for other witnesses' testimony. The grand jury's decision is either a "true bill," (meaning that there is a case to answer), or "no true bill." Jurors typically are drawn from the same pool of citizens as a petit jury, and participate for a specific time period.
Grand juries are today unknown outside the United States. The United Kingdom abandoned grand juries in 1933 and instead uses a committal procedure, as do all Australian jurisdictions. New Zealand abolished the grand jury in 1961. Canada abolished it in the 1970s. Today fewer than half of the states in the U.S. employ them. Most jurisdictions have abolished grand juries, replacing them with the preliminary hearing at which a Judge hears evidence concerning the alleged offenses and makes a decision on whether the prosecution can proceed.
Preliminary hearing
Within some criminal justice systems, a preliminary hearing (evidentiary hearing, often abbreviated verbally as a "prelim") is a proceeding, after a criminal complaint has been filed by the prosecutor, to determine whether, and to what extent, criminal charges and civil cause of actions will be heard (by a court), what evidence will be admitted, and what else must be done (before a case can proceed). At such a hearing, the defendant may be assisted by counsel, indeed in many jurisdictions there is a right to counsel at the preliminary hearing. In the U.S., since it represents the initiation of "adversarial judicial proceedings," the indigent suspect's right to appointed counsel attaches at this point.[4] Contrast this with some jurisdictions in the United States, where a person may be charged, instead, by seeking a "true bill of indictment" before a grand jury; where counsel is not normally permitted. The conduct of the preliminary hearing as well as the specific rules regarding the admissibility of evidence vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Should the court decide that there is probable cause, a formal charging instrument (called the Information) will issue; and the prosecution will continue. If the court should find that there is no probable cause, then typically the prosecution will cease. However, many jurisdictions allow the prosecution to seek a new preliminary hearing, or even seek a bill of indictment from a grand jury.
Committal procedure
In law, a committal procedure is the process by which a defendant is charged with a serious offense under the criminal justice systems of all common law jurisdictions outside the United States. The committal procedure, sometimes known as a preliminary hearing, replaces the earlier grand jury process.
In most jurisdictions criminal offenses fall into one of three groups:
There are less serious summary offenses which are usually heard without a jury by a magistrate. These are roughly equivalent to the older category of misdemeanors (terminology which is now obsolete in most non-U.S. jurisdictions).
There are intermediate offenses which are indictable (equivalent to an old-style felony) but which can be heard summarily. For instance, theft is usually a serious offense. If, however, the charge is that the defendant stole a packet of biscuits worth only a very small amount, it would probably be heard by a magistrate.
Finally, there are serious matters which must be dealt with in the higher courts, usually before a jury. When one is charged with an offense of the third type, a preliminary hearing is first held by a magistrate to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to warrant committing the defendant for trial. That is, whether there is sufficient evidence such that a properly instructed jury could (not would) find the defendant guilty. It is a very low-level test, although stricter than the grand jury procedure. The majority of committal proceedings result in a committal to trial.
Grand jury and society
Some argue that the grand jury is unjust as the defendant is not represented by counsel and/or does not have the right to call witnesses. Intended to serve as a check on prosecutors, the opportunity it presents them to compel testimony can in fact prove useful in building up the case they will present at the final trial.
In practice, a grand jury rarely acts in a manner contrary to the wishes of the prosecutor. Judge Sol Wachtler, the disbarred former Chief Judge of New York State, was quoted as saying, "A grand jury would indict a ham sandwich."[5] As such, many jurisdictions in the United States have replaced the formality of a grand jury with a procedure in which the prosecutor can issue charges by filing an information (also known as an accusation) which is followed by a preliminary hearing before a judge, at which both the defendant and his or her counsel are present. New York State itself has amended procedures governing the formation of grand juries such that grand jurors are no longer required to have previous jury experience.
In some rare instances, the grand jury does break with the prosecutor. It can even exclude the prosecutor from its meetings and subpoena witnesses and issue indictments on its own. This is called a "runaway grand jury." Runaway grand juries sometimes happen in government corruption or organized crime cases, if the grand jury comes to believe that the prosecutor himself has been improperly influenced. They were common in the nineteenth century but have become rare since the 1930s.[6]
In all U.S. jurisdictions retaining the grand jury, the defendant has the right under the Fifth Amendment not to give self-incriminating testimony. However, the prosecutor can call the defendant to testify and require the defendant to assert the right on a question-by-question basis, which is prohibited in jury trials unless the defendant has voluntarily testified on his own behalf. Other evidentiary rules applicable to trials (such as the hearsay rule) are generally not applicable to grand jury proceedings.
Notes
- ↑ Florida Supreme Court Committee on Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases, Florida Grand Jury Handbook. Retrieved December 20, 2007.
- ↑ American Bar Association, Frequently Asked Questions About the Grand Jury System. Retrieved March 29, 2007.
- ↑ Susan Breener and Lori Shaw, Power to abolish Grand Jury. Retrieved March 29, 2007.
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Uri Berliner, Would that make him a genetically modified ham sandwich? Retrieved December 20, 2007.
- ↑ Susan Brenner and Lori Shaw, What is a "runaway" grand jury? Retrieved December 20, 2007.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Coppolo, George. Grand Juries and Legislative Investigations. Harford: Connecticut General Assembly, Ofice of Legislative Research, 2000.
- Morrow, Calvin M. Statewide Grand Juries. Raleigh, NC: Committee on the Office of Attorney General, 1977.
- New England School of Law. From Grand Slams to Grand Juries: Performance-Enhancing Drug Use in Sports: Symposium. Boston: New England School of Law, 2006.
External links
All links retrieved May 24, 2024.
- Who Is a Grand Jury? Slate (magazine)
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