| Israeli Labor Party ×פ××ת ×ע×××× ××׊ר×××ת | |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1968 |
| Leader | Ehud Barak |
| Number of MPs at height of power | 63 (as the Alignment in 1968) |
| Political ideology | Social Democracy, Third Way, Labor Zionism |
| International Affiliation | Socialist International |
| European affiliation | Party of European Socialists (observer) |
| Headquarters | Hatikva Quarter, Tel Aviv |
| Website | www.havoda.org.il |
| See also the Politics of Israel series | |
The Israeli Labor Party (Hebrew: ×פ××ת ×ע×××× ××׊ר×××ת, Mifleget HaAvoda HaYisraelit), generally known in Israel as Avoda (Hebrew: ע××××), is a center-left political party in Israel. It is a social democratic and Zionist party, a member of the Socialist International and an observer member of the Party of European Socialists. From 1999, the party has been allied to the small left-wing, religious Zionist party Meimad, in an electoral agreement whereby Meimad gets the tenth seat on Labor's list.
Some of the most prominent leaders in the history of modern Israel were from the Labor Party, including Golda Meir, Yitzhak Rabin, and Shimon Peres. Meir was one of the original signatories of the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. She also served as the fourth Prime Minister. Meir was noted for her policy of retribution for the slaughter by Palestinian terrorists of Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics. Rabin was the fifth Prime Minister, who together with Peres and Yasser Arafat won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work constructing the Oslo Accords. The success of the Accords were limited and Rabin was assassinated for his role in the Oslo process. Peres has since left the Labor Party to join the unity party, Kadima. He was elected President of Israel in 2007.
History
The foundations for the formation of the Israeli Labor Party were laid shortly before the 1965 Knesset elections when Mapai, the largest left-wing party in the country formed an alliance with Ahdut HaAvoda. The alliance was an attempt by Mapai to shore up the party's share of the vote following a break-away of eight MKs (around a fifth of Mapai's Knesset faction) led by David Ben-Gurion to form a new party, Rafi. The move was a protest against Mapai's failure to approve a change to the country's proportional representation voting system.
The alliance, called the Labor Alignment, won 45 seats in the elections, and was able to form the government in coalition with the National Religious Party, Mapam, the Independent Liberals, Agudat Israel Workers, Progress and Development and Cooperation and Brotherhood. After the Six-Day War broke out, Rafi and Gahal joined the coalition.
On January 23, 1968, Mapai, Ahdut HaAvoda and Rafi (with the exception of Ben-Gurion, who formed the National List in protest) merged into one body; the Israeli Labor Party. On January 28, 1969, the party allied itself with Mapam, the alliance becoming known as the Alignment.
As the largest faction within the Alignment, Labor came to dominate it. Mapam left during the eighth Knesset, but rejoined shortly afterward. They broke away again during the eleventh Knesset, angry at Shimon Peres's decision to form a national unity government with Likud. Although the Independent Liberals merged into the Alignment in the 1980s, they had no Knesset representation at the time.
On October 7, 1991, the Alignment ceased to exist, with all factions formally merged into the Labor Party. Led by Yitzhak Rabin, the party won the 1992 elections and formed the government. Rabin's decision to advance peace talks with the Palestinians to the point of signing the Oslo Accords led to his his assassination in 1995. Peres decided to call early elections in 1996, to give him a mandate for advancing the peace process. However, his ploy failed; although Labor won the most seats in the Knesset election, he lost to the election for Prime Minister to Benjamin Netanyahu following a wave of suicide bombings by Hamas. Netanyahu and Likud were thus able to form the government.
With his coalition falling apart, Netanyahu decided to call early elections in 1999. Ehud Barak won the internal primaries, and was nominated as the Labor candidate for Prime Minister. Meanwhile, the party entered an electoral alliance with Meimad and Gesher called One Israel. Barak won the Prime Minister election, while One Israel won the Knesset elections, albeit with only 26 seats.
Barak started by forming a 75-member coalition together with Shas, Meretz, Yisrael BaAliyah, the National Religious Party and United Torah Judaism. The coalition with religious parties (NRP, Shas and UTJ) caused tensions with the secularist Meretz, who quit the coalition after a disagreement with Shas over the authority of the Deputy Education Minister. The rest of the parties left before the Camp David 2000 summit. Following the October 2000 riots and the violence of the al-Aqsa Intifada, Barak resigned from office. He then lost a special election for Prime Minister to Likud's Ariel Sharon. However, Labor remained in Sharon's coalition as he formed a national unity government with Likud, Labor, Shas, Yisrael BaAliyah, and United Torah Judaism, and were given two of the most important cabinet portfolios; Peres was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and Benjanin Ben-Eliezer was made Defense Minister. Labor supported Operation Defensive Shield, which was conducted in April 2002 against Palestinian terrorists in the West Bank. After harsh criticism that Peres and Ben-Elizer were "puppets" of Sharon and not promoting the peace process, Labor quit the government in 2003.
Prior to the 2003 elections, Amram Mitzna won the party primaries, and led the party into the election with a platform that included unilateral withdrawal from the Gaza Strip. The party was routed in the elections, winning only 19 seats (its lowest ever), whilst Sharon's Likud won 38 (40 after Yisrael BaAliyah merged into the party). Subsequently, due to internal opposition, Mitzna resigned from the party leadership, and soon thereafter was replaced by Shimon Peres. Despite being omitted from the original right-wing coalition, Sharon invited Labor into the coalition to shore up support for the disengagement plan (effectively Mitzna's policy which he had earlier lambasted) after the National Union and the National Religious Party had left the government.
On November 8, 2005, Shimon Peres was replaced as the leader of the Labor party by the election of left-wing Histadrut union leader Amir Peretz in an internal Labor party ballot. Peretz stated his intention to reassert Labor's traditional socialist policies and took Labor party out of the government, prompting Sharon to resign and call for new elections in March 2006.
Current status
In the elections in March 2006 the party placed second with 19 seats, a loss of 3 from the previous elections.
After the March 2006 election, Labor joined Ehud Olmert's coalition government as the junior partner with Kadima. Labor was awarded a number of ministries including the defense ministry, which went to Labor leader Amir Peretz. The IDF performed poorly in the Second Lebanon War with Hezbollah in June-July 2006. Both Olmert and Peretz suffered the blame for this performance.
On May 28, 2007, Labor members went to the polls in party primaries. Amir Peretz finished third in the primaries, trailing both former Prime Minister Ehud Barak and political newcomer Ami Ayalonâthe former head of Shin Bet, Israel's primary intelligence agency. Neither Ayalon nor Barak achieved the 40 percent necessary for an outright victory, so a second round of voting took place on June 12, 2007. Both Barak and Ayalon stated that they would withdraw from Ehud Olmert's coalition unless the Prime Minister resigns.[1] On the night of June 12, 2007, Ehud Barak won back the leadership of the party.
Ideology
Past
Mapai evolved from the socialist Poale Zion movement and adhered to the Socialist Zionist ideology promulgated by Nahum Syrkin and Ber Borochov. During Ben-Gurion's leadership (1930s-1950s) Mapai focused mainly on the Zionist agenda, since it was the most urgent issue then â establishing a national homeland for Jews.
After the founding of the State of Israel, Mapai engaged in nation building â the establishment of the Israel Defense Forces (while dismantling every other armed group), the establishment of many settlements, the settling of more than 1,000,000 Jewish immigrants, and the desire to unite all the inhabitants of Israel under a new Zionist Jewish Israeli culture (an ideology known as the "Melting pot" ××ר ××ת××).
Labor in the past was even more hawkish on security and defense issues than it is today. During its years in office, Israel has fought the 1956 Sinai War, the 1967 Six Day War, and the 1973 Yom Kippur War.
Current
In recent years (up until 2005), the ILP became a centrist party. It was no longer considered socialist or social democratic (though it retained membership in the Socialist International) but had a centrist platform, similar to the "third-way" of the British Labour Party under prime minister Tony Blair. Economic policies in Israel being seldom hotly debated even within the major parties, actual policies depended much more on initiative by the civil service than on political ideologies. Therefore, Labor's terms in office during this period did not differ significantly in terms of economic policy from those of its rival.
In 2003, the ILP experienced a small split when former members Yossi Beilin and Yael Dayan joined Meretz-Yachad to form a new left-wing party.
In November 2005, Amir Peretz, leader of the social democratic One Nation which had merged into the ILP, was elected chairman of the party, defeating Shimon Peres. Under Peretz, and especially in the 2006 electoral campaign, the party took a significant ideological turn, putting social and economic issues on top of its agenda, and advocating a moderate social democratic approach (including increases in minimum wage and social security payments), in sharp contrast to the neo-liberal policies led by former Finance Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
In 2006, several members of the ILP left to join the new centrist grouping, Kadima; these included former Labor leader Shimon Peres, Haim Ramon, and Dalia Itzik.
Party leaders
- Levi Eshkol 1968-1969 (also leader of the Alignment)
- Golda Meir 1969-1974 (also leader of the Alignment)
- Yitzhak Rabin 1974-1977 (also leader of the Alignment)
- Shimon Peres 1977-1992 (also leader of the Alignment)
- Yitzhak Rabin 1992-1995
- Shimon Peres 1995-1997
- Ehud Barak 1997-2001
- Binyamin Ben-Eliezer 2001-2002
- Amram Mitzna 2002-2003
- Shimon Peres 2003-2005
- Amir Peretz 2005-2007
- Ehud Barak 2007-
Other prominent members
Prominent former members include:
- Yigal AllonâActing Prime-Minister
- Moshe DayanâDefense Minister
- Abba EbanâMinister of Foreign Affairs
- Chaim HerzogâPresident of Israel
- Efraim KatzirâPresident of Israel
- Yitzhak NavonâPresident of Israel
- Zalman ShazarâPresident of Israel
- Ezer WeizmanâPresident of Israel
Current MKs
Number of Seats: 19
- Eitan Cabel (slot reserved for ILP General Secretary)âChairman
- Amir Peretz (slot reserved for ILP Chairman)
- Isaac Herzog
- Ophir Pines-Paz
- Avishay Braverman (former president of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev)
- Yuli Tamir (slot reserved for women)
- Ami Ayalon (former head of Shin Bet)
- Binyamin (Fouad) Ben-Eliezer
- Shelly Yachimovich (slot reserved for women)
- Michael Melchior (slot reserved for Meimad)
- Matan Vilnai
- Colette Avital (slot reserved for women)
Efraim SnehDani Yatom- Nadia Hilou (slot reserved for women)
- Shalom Simhon (slot reserved for Moshavim)
- Orit Noked (slot reserved for Kibbutzim)
- Yoram Marciano (slot reserved for poor neighborhoods)
- Raleb Majadele (slot reserved for Arab sector)
- Shakhiv Shana'an (5/28/2008âreplaced Ephraim Sneh)
- Leon Litinetsky (7/2/2008âreplaced Dani Yatom)
Notes
- â BBC, Israel party votes to oust leader. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Agres, Elijahu. 1969. Golda Meir: Portrait of a Prime Minister. New York: Sabra Books. ISBN 087631020X.
- Benedikt, Linda. Yitzhak Rabin: The Battle for Peace. London: Haus Pub, 2006. ISBN 190495006X.
- Knesset Website. Israel Labor Party. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
