Leaning Tower of Pisa
The Leaning Tower of Pisa or simply The Tower of Pisa (La Torre di Pisa) is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa. It is situated behind the cathedral and it is the third structure in Pisa's Campo dei Miracoli (“field of miracles”).
The leaning tower of Pisa is a cultural icon that perhaps symbolizes the human ability to sometimes almost defy nature. It amazes many observers that the tower has not given in to the law of gravity, although it is in danger of collapse. The leaning tower of Pisa leans by accident, not by design—yet it was constructed in such a way that it has resisted the pull of gravity. There is an unusual beauty and elegance to the tower, too, so much so that even were it not a leaning tower, it would attract attention as a cultural artifact. The tower began leaning to the southeast soon after the onset of construction in 1173 due to a poorly laid foundation and loose substrate that has allowed the foundation to shift.
The Tower of Pisa was a work of art, performed in three stages over a period of about two hundred years. Construction of the first floor of the white marble campanile began on August 9, 1173, a period of military success and prosperity. This first floor is surrounded by pillars with classical capitals, leaning against blind arches. Today, it is still unscarred despite enduring centuries of weather and age.
The height of the tower is 55.86 meters (183.27 feet) from the ground on the lowest side and 56.70 meters (186.02 feet) on the highest side. The width of the walls at the base is 4.09 meters (13.42 feet) and at the top 2.48 meters (8.14 feet). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 tons. The tower has 294 steps.
Construction
There is controversy about the identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. For many years, the design was attributed to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano, a well-known twelfth-century resident artist of Pisa, famous for his bronze casting, particularly in the Pisa Duomo. Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for Monreale, Sicily, only to come back and die in his home town. His sarcophagus was discovered at the foot of the tower in 1820.
The tower first acquired a lean after the third floor was built in 1178, due to a mere three-meter foundation set in weak, unstable subsoil. This means the design was flawed from the beginning. Construction was subsequently halted for almost a century, because the Pisans were almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa, Lucca and Florence. This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle. Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have toppled. In 1198, clocks were temporarily installed on the unfinished construction.
In 1272, construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone, architect of the Camposanto. Another four floors were built at an angle to compensate for the tilt. Construction was halted again in 1284, when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria.
The bell-chamber was not finally added until 1372. It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano, who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the bell-chamber with the Romanesque style of the tower. There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical major scale. The largest one was installed in 1655.
History
Galileo Galilei is said to have dropped two cannon balls of different masses from the tower to demonstrate that their descending speed was independent of their mass. This story, though reported by Galileo's own student, is widely considered to be a legend.
In 1838, an architect named Alessandro Della Gherardesca excavated a walkway around the tower to make the base visible once again. This caused a flooding of the base and an increase in the inclination.
Benito Mussolini ordered that the tower be returned to a vertical position, so concrete was poured into its foundation. However, the result was that the tower actually sank further into the soil.
During World War II, the Allies discovered that the Nazis were using it as an observation post. A humble U.S. Army sergeant was briefly entrusted with the fate of the tower. His decision not to call in an artillery strike saved the edifice.
On February 27, 1964, the government of Italy requested aid in preventing the tower from toppling. It was however considered important to retain the current tilt, due to the vital role that this element played in promoting the tourism industry of Pisa.
A multinational task force of engineers, mathematicians and historians was assigned and met on the Azores islands to discuss stabilization methods. After over two decades of work on the subject, the tower was closed to the public in January 1990. While the tower was closed, the bells were removed to relieve some weight and cables were cinched around the third level and anchored several hundred meters away. Apartments and houses in the path of the tower were vacated for safety. After a decade of corrective reconstruction and stabilization efforts, the tower was reopened to the public on December 15, 2001. It was found that lean was increasing due to the stonework expanding and contracting each day due to the heat of sunlight. This was working in combination with the softer foundations on the lower side. Many methods were proposed to stabilize the tower, including the addition of 800 metric tons of lead counterweights to the raised end of the base. The final solution to preventing collapse of the tower was to slightly straighten the tower to a safer angle, by removing 38 cubic meters of soil from underneath the raised end. The tower has been declared stable for at least another three hundred years.
In 1987, the tower was declared as part of the Campo dei Miracoli UNESCO World Heritage Site along with neighboring cathedral, baptistery and cemetery.
Technical Information
- Elevation of Piazza dei Miracoli: about 2 meters (6 feet, DMS)
- Height: 55.863 meters (183 feet, 3 inches), 8 stories
- Outer diameter of base: 15.484 meters
- Inner diameter of base: 7.368 meters
- Angle of Slant: 13 degrees
- Weight: 14,700 tons
- Thickness of walls at the base: 8 feet (2.4 meters)
- Total number of bells: 7, tuned to musical scale, clockwise
- 1st bell: L'assunta, cast in 1654 by Giovanni Pietro Orlandi, weighs 3,620 kilograms (7,981 pounds)
- 2nd bell: il Crocifisso, cast in 1572 by Vincenzo Possenti, weights 2,462 kilograms (5,428 pounds)
- 3rd bell: San Ranieri, cast in 1719-1721 by Giovanni Andrea Moreni, weighs 1,448 kilograms (3,192 pounds)
- 4th bell: La Terza (first small one), cast in 1473, weighs 300 kilograms (661 pounds)
- 5th bell: La Pasquereccia, cast in 1262 by Lotteringo, weighs 1,014 kilograms (2,235 pounds)
- 6th bell: il Vespruccio (second small one), cast in the fourteenth century and again in 1501 by Nicola di Jacopo, weighs 1,000 kilograms (2,205 pounds)
- 7th bell: Del Pozzetto, cast in 1606, weighs 652 kilograms (1,437 pounds)
- Steps to bell tower: 294
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Bicknell, Julian, and Steve Chapman. Great Buildings Model Kit: The Parthenon, the Taj Mahal, the Leaning Tower of Pisa, Monticello. New York: Clarkson Potter, 1995. ISBN 9780517883501
- Nasht, Simon, Marco Visalberghi and Hal Linden. Fall of the Leaning Tower. South Burlington, VT: WGBH Boston (video), 1999. ISBN 9781578072088
- Shrady, Nicholas. Tilt: a skewed history of the Tower of Pisa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003. ISBN 9780743229265
- Williams, Kim. “Nexus: architecture and mathematics.” Collana Gli studi 2 Fucecchio (Firenze): Edizioni dell'Erba, 1996. ISBN 9788886888042
External links
All links retrieved October 25, 2022.
- Leaning Tower of Pisa
- The Leaning Tower of Pisa Italy Guides
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
