Man Ray
Man Ray (August 27, 1890 – November 18, 1976) was an American artist who spent most of his career in Paris, France. Perhaps best described simply as a modernist, he was a significant contributor to both the Dada and Surrealist movements, although his ties to each were informal. Modern art is typified by self-awareness, and by the manipulation of form or medium as an integral part of the work itself. Whereas pre-modern (Western) art merely sought to represent a form of reality, modern art tends to encourage the audience to question its perceptions, and thereby the fundamental nature, of art itself. Best known in the art world for his avant-garde photography, Man Ray produced major works in a variety of media and considered himself a painter above all. He was also a renowned fashion and portrait photographer.
While appreciation for Man Ray’s work beyond his fashion and portrait photography was slow in coming during his lifetime, especially in his native United States, his reputation has grown steadily in the decades since.
In 1999, ARTnews magazine named him one of the 25 most influential artists of the twentieth century, citing his groundbreaking photography as well as "his explorations of film, painting, sculpture, collage, assemblage, and prototypes of what would eventually be called performance art and conceptual art," saying "Man Ray offered artists in all media an example of a creative intelligence that, in its 'pursuit of pleasure and liberty,'"—Man Ray’s stated guiding principles—"unlocked every door it came to and walked freely where it would."[1]
Biography
Background and early life
From the time he began attracting attention as an artist until his death more than 60 years later, Man Ray allowed little of his early life or family background to be known to the public, even refusing to acknowledge that he had ever had any name other than Man Ray.
He was born Emmanuel Radnitzky, in the South Side of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1890, the eldest child of recent Russian-Jewish immigrants. The family would eventually include another son and two daughters, the youngest born shortly after they settled in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn, New York, in 1897. In early 1912, the Radnitzky family changed their surname to Ray, a name selected by Man Ray's brother, in reaction to the ethnic discrimination and anti-Semitism prevalent at that time. Emmanuel, who was called "Manny" as a nickname, changed his first name to Man at this time, and gradually began to use Man Ray as his combined single name.
Man Ray’s father was a garment factory worker who also ran a small tailoring business out of the family home, enlisting his children from an early age. Man Ray’s mother enjoyed making the family’s clothes from her own designs and inventing patchwork items from scraps of fabric. Despite Man Ray’s desire to disassociate himself from his family background, this experience left an enduring mark on his art. Tailor's dummies, flat irons, sewing machines, needles, pins, threads, swatches of fabric, and other items related to clothing and sewing appear at every stage of his work and in almost every medium. Art historians have also noted similarity in his collage and painting techniques to those used in making clothing.
First artistic endeavors
Man Ray showed evidence of artistic and mechanical inclination from childhood. His education at Boys' High School from 1904 to 1908, provided him with a solid grounding in drafting and other basic art techniques. At the same time, he educated himself with frequent visits to the local art museums, where he studied the works of the Old Masters. After graduation from high school, he was offered a scholarship to study architecture but chose to pursue a career as an artist instead. However much this decision disappointed his parents' aspirations to upward mobility and assimilation, they nevertheless rearranged the family's modest living quarters so that Man Ray could use a room as his studio. He stayed for the next four years, working steadily toward his goal of becoming professional painter, while earning money as a commercial artist and technical illustrator at several Manhattan companies.
From the surviving examples of his work from this period, it appears he attempted mostly paintings and drawings in nineteenth century styles. He was already an avid admirer of vanguard art of the time, such as European modernists he saw at Alfred Stieglitz's "291" gallery and works by Ashcan School, but, with a few exceptions, was not yet able to translate these new trends into his own work. The art classes he sporadically attended—including stints and National Academy of Design and the Art Students League—were of little apparent benefit to him, until he enrolled in the Ferrer School in the autumn of 1912, thus beginning a period of intense and rapid artistic development.
New York
Living in New York City and influenced by what he saw at the 1913 Armory Show and in galleries showing contemporary works from Europe, his early paintings display facets of cubism. Upon befriending Marcel Duchamp who was interested in showing movement in static paintings, Man Ray's works begin to depict movement in his figures. For example, in the repetitive positions of the skirts of the dancer in The Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself with Shadows (1916).[2]
In 1915, Man Ray had his first solo show of paintings and drawings. His first proto-Dada object, an assemblage titled Self-Portrait, was exhibited the following year. He produced his first significant photographs in 1918.
Man Ray involved himself with Dada, a radical anti-art movement, abandoning traditional painting. He started making objects, and developed unique mechanical and photographic methods of making images. For the 1918 version of Rope Dancer, he combined a spray-gun technique with a pen drawing. Again, like Duchamp, he made "readymades"—objects selected by the artist, sometimes modified and presented as art. His Gift readymade (1921) is a flatiron with metal tacks attached to the bottom, and Enigma of Isidore Ducasse is an unseen object (a sewing machine) wrapped in cloth and tied with cord. Another work from this period, Aerograph (1919), is one he did with airbrush on glass.
In 1920, Ray helped Duchamp make his first machine, the Rotary Glass Plate, which was composed of glass plates turned by a motor—one of the earliest examples of kinetic art. That same year Man Ray, Katherine Dreier and Duchamp founded the Société Anonyme, an itinerant collection which in effect was the first museum of modern art in the U.S.
Ray teamed up with Duchamp to publish the one issue of New York Dada in 1920, but he soon declared, "Dada cannot live in New York," and he moved to Paris in 1921.
It was in New York, in 1913, that Man Ray met his first wife, Adon Lacroix. They married in 1914, separated in 1919, and were formally divorced in 1937.
Paris
In July 1921, he went to live and work in Paris, France, and soon settled in the Montparnasse quarter favored by many artists. Shortly after arriving in Paris, he met and fell in love with Kiki de Montparnasse (Alice Prin), an artists' model and celebrated character in Paris' bohemian circles. Kiki was Man Ray's companion for most of the 1920s. She became the subject of some of his most famous photographic images and starred in his experimental films. In 1929, he began a love affair with the Surrealist photographer Lee Miller.
For the next 20 years in Montparnasse, Man Ray made his mark on the art of photography. Great artists of the day, such as James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Jean Cocteau, and Antonin Artaud, posed for his camera.
With Jean Arp, Max Ernst, André Masson, Joan Miró, and Pablo Picasso, Man Ray was represented in the first Surrealist exhibition at the Gallerie Pierre in Paris in 1925.
In 1934, Surrealist artist Méret Oppenheim, known for her fur-covered tea cup, posed for Man Ray in what became a well-known series of photographs depicting Oppenheim nude, standing next to a printing press.
Together with Lee Miller — his photography assistant and lover — Man Ray reinvented the photographic technique of solarization. He also created a technique using photograms which he called rayographs.
Man Ray also directed a number of influential avant-garde short films, such as Le Retour à la Raison (2 mins, 1923); Emak-Bakia (16 mins, 1926); L'Étoile de Mer (15 mins, 1928); and Les Mystéres du Château du Dé (20 mins, 1929).
Later life
Later in life, Man Ray returned to the United States, where he lived in Los Angeles, California, from 1940 until 1951. A few days after arriving in Los Angeles, Man Ray met Juliet Browner, a trained dancer and experienced artists' model. They began living together almost immediately, and married in 1946, in a double wedding with their friends Max Ernst and Dorothea Tanning. However, he called Montparnasse home and he returned there.
In 1963, he published his autobiography, Self-Portrait, which was republished in 1999 (ISBN 0821224743).
He died in Paris, on the November 18, 1976, and was interred in the Cimetière du Montparnasse. His epitaph reads: "Unconcerned, but not indifferent." When Juliet Browner Man Ray died in 1991, she was interred in the same tomb. Her epitaph reads, together again. Juliet set up a trust for his work and made many donations of his work to museums.
Quotations
By Man Ray
- "There is no progress in art, any more than there is progress in making love. There are simply different ways of doing it" (1948 essay, "To Be Continued, Unnoticed").
- "I have never painted a recent picture" (1966 essay).
- "When I saw I was under attack from all sides, I knew I was on the right track" (1972 interview, published 1973 in Man Ray by Sarane Alexandrian).
- "I never knew what I was doing until I was done"
About Man Ray
- "MAN RAY, n.m. synon. de Joie jouer jouir." (Translation: "MAN RAY, masculine noun, synonymous with joy, to play, to enjoy.")—Marcel Duchamp, as the opening epigram for Man Ray's memoir Self-Portrait, 1963.
- "With him, you could try anything—there was nothing you were told not to do, except spill the chemicals. With Man Ray, you were free to do what your imagination conjured, and that kind of encouragement was wonderful"—artist and photographer Naomi Savage, Man Ray’s niece and protégée, in a 2000 newspaper interview.
- "Man Ray is a youthful alchemist forever in quest of the painter's philosopher's stone. May he never find it, as that would bring an end to his experimentations which are the very condition of living art expression"—Adolf Wolff, "Art Notes," International 8, no. 1 (January 1914), p. 21.
Notes
- ↑ ARTnews, The Century's 25 Most Influential Artists. Retrieved June 15, 2007.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of World Biography. "Man Ray." (Gale Research, 1998).
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Alexandrian, Sarane. Man Ray J. P. O'Hara, 1973. ISBN 0-87955-603-X
- Baldwin, Neil. Man Ray: American Artist. Da Capo Press, 1988. ISBN 0-306-81014-X
- Coleman, A. D. "Willful Provocateur;" ARTnews, May 1999.
- Heyd, Milly. "Man Ray/Emmanuel Radnitsky: Who is Behind the Enigma of Isidore Ducasse?" in Complex Identities: Jewish Consciousness and Modern Art. Rutgers University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8135-2869-0
- Naumann, Francis. Conversion to Modernism: The Early Work of Man Ray. Rutgers University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8135-3148-9
External links
All links retrieved November 5, 2022.
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