Nguyễn Du
Nguyễn Du (阮攸, 1765 – 1820, pennames Tố Như and Thanh Hiên) is a celebrated Vietnamese poet who wrote in Chữ Nôm, the ancient writing script of Việt Nam. His poetry is celebrated for the directness of its language and the intricacy of its metaphors, in which each image and metaphor opens onto layers upon layers of hidden meaning. Although a number of Vietnamese poets pre-dated him — Ho Xuan Huong perhaps most notably among them — Nguyen Du is considered by many Vietnamese to the be founding-figure of Vietnamese literature. His epic poem Truyen Kieu (The Tale of Kieu), relating the brief and tragic life of a Vietnamese girl, is regarded with the same reverence in Vietnamese culture as that accorded to Homer by the Greeks and Shakespeare in the English-speaking world. His work demonstrates some of the flaws in the Confucian moral order
Biography
Youth
Nguyễn Du was born in 1765 in Tiên Điền village, Nghi Xuân district, Nghệ Tĩnh province, Vietnam. He was the seventh child of Nguyễn Nghiễm, a former prime minister under the Lê Dynasty. By the age of 13, Nguyen had lost both of his parents, and for most of his teenage years he lived with his brother Nguyễn Khản or with his brother-in-law Đoàn Nguyễn Tuấn.
At the age of 19, Nguyen passed the provincial examination, receiving the title of "tú tài," which made him the equivalent of a secondary-education graduate. In Nguyen Du's time this sort of credential was difficult to obtain, as very few Vietnamese people were affluent enough to devote themselves to study.
Nguyen’s mother was his father’s third wife; she was noted for her ability at singing and composing poetry. In fact, she made her living by singing, which at that time was considered a disreputable occupation. It is said that Nguyen may have inherited a part of his talents from his mother. He loved listening to traditional songs; and there was a rumor that, when he was 18, he himself eloped with a songstress.
Adulthood
After passing the provincial exam, he was appointed to the position of a military advisor in the Trinh army. After the Trinh Lords were defeated in 1786 by Nguyen Hue, Nguyen Du refused to serve in the new administration. He was arrested and held for some time before he moved back to his native village in the northern part of the country.
Later, when yet another warlord, Nguyen Anh, seized control over all of Vietnam in 1802, Nguyen Du agreed to serve in his administration. At first he was given his old post of military advisor but after a decade he was promoted to ambassador to China in 1813. While in China, he discovered and translated the Ming dynasty era tale "Kim Van Kieu" that would become the basis for the Tale of Kieu. He was later appointed to two more diplomatic missions to Beijing, but before he could depart for the last one, he died of a long illness for which he refused treatment.
Nguyen's father had been a minister under the Lê dynasty, and his family had benefited greatly under their rule, following the Confucian virtue of utmost loyalty to one's king. For most of his life, Nguyen Du was haunted by his own betrayal of the rightful rulers of Vietnam, which he felt brought shame on himself and his family, as he willfully served under what he perceived to be an usurper's dynasty.
The Tale of Kieu
The Tale of Kiều is an epic poem considered to be not only Nguyễn Du's masterpiece but one of the crowning works of Vietnamese literature. The original title in Vietnamese is Đoạn Trường Tân Thanh (斷腸新聲, literally "A New Cry From a Broken Heart"), but it is better known as Truyện Kiều (傳翹, literally "Kiều's Story").
In 3,254 verses, written in lục bát meter — a strict form consisting of alternating lines of six characters followed by eight characters — the poem recounts the life, trials and tribulations of Thúy Kiều, a beautiful and talented young woman who is forced to sacrifice herself to save her family.
Nguyễn Du made use of the plot of Kim Vân Kiều (金雲翹), a story written in classical Chinese, setting it against the backdrop of the deteriorating state of Vietnam at the end of the eighteenth century. The ruling Lê Dynasty was at that time controlled by the Trịnh Lords in the north and the Nguyen Lords in the south. While the Trịnh and the Nguyễn were fighting against each other, the Tây Sơn rebels overthrew—first the Nguyen and then the Trinh—over the span of a decade. Nguyễn Du was loyal to the Lê Dynasty and hoped for the return of the Lê king. In 1802 the Nguyễn lord, Nguyễn Ánh, conquered all of Vietnam forming the new Nguyễn Dynasty. Nguyễn Ánh, wanted Nguyễn Du to join the new government and he did so, although with some reluctance. Thus, Nguyen Du's life is partially analogous to the doomed fate of the main character of The Tale of Kiều.
The Tale of Kieu was written under a pseudonym as it strongly suggested the old Confucian moral order was wrong, or at least, deeply flawed. There are numerous examples in the poem:
- the initial trouble encountered by Kieu is caused by the greed of a mandarin–but mandarins, being educated Confucian scholars, were supposed to be morally upstanding individuals.
- The rebel Tu Hai is portrayed in a very favorable light–a margin note in a copy owned by the Nguyen King Tu Duc says the author would have deserved a good thrashing.
- Kieu falls in love with men not chosen for her by her parents. Romantic love was regarded with deep suspicion by Confucian scholars.
- Kieu falls in love with two different men, but a woman was supposed to be faithful to one man her entire life.
The work had been fully translated into English at least three times, one with extensive footnotes by Huỳnh Sanh Thông, one for the general reader by Vladislav Zhukov and one in verse by an English writer.
The original text was written in Vietnamese using the vernacular Chữ Nôm script. Below are the first six lines of the prologue written in the modern Vietnamese alphabet and translated into English. Most Vietnamese speakers know these lines by heart.
Quốc ngữ:
- Trăm năm, trong cõi người ta,
- Chữ tài, chữ mệnh, khéo là ghét nhau.
- Trải qua một cuộc bể dâu,
- Những điều trông thấy mà đau đớn lòng;
- Lạ gì bỉ sắc, tư phong,
- Trời xanh quen thói má hồng đánh ghen.
English translation:
- Within the span of hundred years of human existence,
- what a bitter struggle is waged between genius and destiny!
- How many harrowing events have occurred while mulberries cover the conquered sea!
- Rich in beauty, unlucky in life!
- Strange indeed, but little wonder,
- since casting hatred upon rosy cheeks is a habit of the Blue Sky.
-Translation from Lê Xuân Thuy—Kim Vân Kiều [1]
An alternate English translation of the same opening lines demonstrates the challenges of translating poetry.
- As evidenced by centuries of human existence
- Destiny and genius are apt to feud
- Having endured an upheaval
- The sights observed must wrench one’s heart
- ‘Tis no surprise to find the bad and good in pairs
- So a maiden blessed by beauty is likewise cursed by envy.
Other works
- Bắc Hành Tạp Lục (Travels to the North)
- Điêu la thành ca giả
- Long thành cầm giả ca
- Mộng đắc thái liên
- Nam Trung Tạp Ngâm (Various Poems)
- Ngẫu hứng V
- Ngô gia Đệ cựu ca cơ
- Thác lời trai phường nón
- Thanh Hiên thi tập (Poems of Thanh Hiên)
- Văn chiêu hồn
In addition to Vietnamese poetry, Nguyen also wrote some poems in Chinese.
Notes
- ↑ Lê Xuân. Thuy—Kim Vân Kiều, Second Edition, 1968), 19
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Huynh Sanh Thong, translator and ed. An Anthology of Vietnamese Poems. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996. ISBN 0300064101 (original bilingual ed. 1983)
- Nguyen Khac. "Renowned Vietnamese Intellectuals prior to the 20th Century" (essay on Nguyen Du by the Vietnamese historian Nguyen Khac) published by The Gioi Publishers, 2004.
- Nguyen Ngoc Binh, Burton Raffel, and W. S. Merwin, A Thousand Years of Vietnamese Poetry. New York: Knopf, 1974. ISBN 0394494225
- Zhukov, Vladislav, trans., Kim Van Kieu of Nguyen Du. Canberra, Australia: Pandanus Books, 2004. ISBN 1740761278
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