Panchen Lama
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The Panchen Lama (Tibetan: 狄扉ｽ内ｼ金ｽ狄ｺ狄内ｼ金ｽ籾ｾｳ狆金ｽ倨ｼ; Chinese: 迴ｭ遖ｪ蝟蝌) is the second-highest-ranking religious figure (after the Dalai Lama) in the Gelugpa (Dge-lugs-pa) sect of Tibetan Buddhism. The Panchen Lama is also considered to be a Tulku who will be reincarnated upon his death. The successive Panchen Lamas are considered to be the incarnations of Amitabha Buddha. Their title, meaning "great scholar," is a Tibetan contraction of the Sanskrit pa盪盧絞ta (scholar) and the Tibetan chenpo (great).
The current (eleventh) incarnation of the Panchen Lama is a matter of controversy: the People's Republic of China asserts it is Qoigyijabu, while the Tibetan Government in Exile maintains it is Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, whom they allege to be missing since 1995.
Name
The successive Panchen Lamas form a tulku reincarnation lineage which are said to be the incarnations of Amitﾄ｜ha. The title, meaning "Great Scholar," is a Tibetan contraction of the Sanskrit pa盪盧絞ta (scholar) and the Tibetan chenpo (great).
Lobsang Chﾃｶkyi Gyaltsen (1570窶1662), was the first Panchen Lama to be accorded this title during his lifetime. He was the tutor and a close ally of the 5th Dalai Lama, "The Great Fifth," as he is known, pronounced the Panchen to be an incarnation of the celestial buddha Amitﾄ｜ha.[1]
The 5th Dalai Lama requested the Panchen to accept Tashilhunpo Monastery, built by the 1st Dalai Lama, as his multi-lifetime seat for future incarnations. Since then, every incarnation of the Panchen Lama has been the master of Tashilhunpo Monastery,[1] and it is there that they have all received their education and their mummified bodies were enshrined.
From the name of this monastery, the Europeans referred to the Panchen Lama as the Tashi-Lama (or spelled Tesho-Lama or Teshu-Lama).[2]
Relation to the Dalai Lama lineage
In Tibetan Buddhism, upon the death of either the Dalai Lama or Panchen Lama, a special search is conducted to locate and identify the lama's alleged reincarnation. The Panchen Lama is partially responsible for finding and identifying the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama. Inversely, when the Panchen Lama dies, new candidates for his position are reviewed and selected by the Dalai Lama. This tradition has existed since the time of the Fifth Dalai Lama (seventeenth century). When the Fifth Dalai Lama identified his teacher, Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen, as the Panchen Lama then Lobsang's three previous incarnations were posthumously recognised as Panchen Lamas as well. Additionally, the Fifth Dalai Lama recognized Panchen Lobsang Yeshe (Blo-bzang Ye-shes) as the Fifth Panchen Lama. Later, the Seventh Dalai Lama recognized the Sixth Panchen Lama, who in turn recognized the Eighth Dalai Lama. Similarly, the Eighth Dalai Lama recognised the Seventh Panchen Lama. This tradition was been followed until the Chinese Communist takeover in the 1950s.
Eleventh Panchen Lama
Choekyi Gyaltsen, the Tenth Panchen Lama, was an important political figure in Tibet following the Fourteenth Dalai Lama's escape to India in 1959. He was enthroned on June 11, 1949, in Amdo (Qinghai) under the auspice of Chinese officials after the KMT administration approved the selection of the reincarnation of the 9th Panchen Lama. However, during the Cultural Revolution in 1968 he was imprisoned; in 1977, he was released but held under house arrest in Beijing until 1982. In 1983, he married a Chinese woman and had a daughter, Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo better known as "Renji," highly controversial behavior for a Gelug lama. Although some organizations have criticized the Tenth Panchen Lama as a Chinese puppet, most scholars (and the Fourteenth Dalai Lama) believe that he did the best that he could to help his people in an impossible situation.
In 1989, the Tenth Panchen Lama died suddenly in Shigatse, Tibet at the age of 51, shortly after giving a speech critical of the Chinese occupation. Following his unexpected death, the search for his reincarnation quickly became mired in political controversy. Chadrel Rinpoche, the head of the search committee, was able to secretly communicate with the Dalai Lama. However, after the Dalai Lama announced Gedhun Choekyi Nyima as the new Panchen Lama, Chinese authorities arrested Chadrel Rinpoche, who was replaced with Sengchen Lobsang Gyaltsen. Sengchen had been a political opponent of the previous Panchen Lama. The new search committee decided to ignore the Dalai Lama's announcement and choose the Panchen Lama from a list of finalists, which did not include Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, by drawing lots from the Golden Urn. Gyancain Norbu was announced as the search committee's choice on November 11, 1995.
The whereabouts of Gedhun Choekyi Nyima are unknown. The Government of Tibet in Exile claims that he and his family continue to be political prisoners, and has termed him the "youngest political prisoner in the world." The Chinese government claims that he is living a "normal private life."[3]
List of Panchen Lamas
| name | life span | Tibetan/Wylie | PRC transcription | other English spellings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Khedrup Je | 1385窶1438[4] | 狄倨ｽ≒ｽｦ狆金ｽもｾｲ狄ｴ狄籾ｼ金ｽ｢狎伶ｽｺ狆金ｼ Mkhas-grub Rje,狆 狄倨ｾｷ狄ｦ狆金ｽもｾｲ狄ｴ狄籾ｼ金ｽ隊ｽもｽｺ狄｣狄ｺ狄もｽｦ狆金ｽ隊ｽ扉ｽ｣狆金ｽ籾ｽ游ｽ狆 Mkhas-grub Dge-legs Dpal-bzang-po |
Kaichub Gﾃｪlﾃｪg Baisangbo | Khﾃ､drup Je, Khedrup Gelek Pelsang, Kedrup Geleg Pelzang, Khedup Gelek Palsang, Khedrup Gelek Pal Sangpo |
| 2. | Sﾃｶnam Choklang | 1438窶1505<ref name=posthumous> | 狄籾ｽｦ狄ｼ狄隊ｼ金ｽ内ｽ倨ｽｦ狆金ｽ歩ｾｱ狄ｼ狄もｼ金ｽ狎ｱ狄ｲ狆金ｽもｾｳ狄狆金ｽ扉ｽｼ狆金ｼ Bsod-nams Phyogs-glang,狆 狄籾ｽｦ狄ｼ狄隊ｼ金ｽ内ｽ倨ｽｦ狆金ｽ歩ｾｱ狄ｼ狄もｽｦ狆金ｽ狎ｱ狄ｲ狆金ｽもｾｳ狄狆金ｽ扉ｽｼ狆 Bsod-nams Phyogs-kyi Glang-po |
Soinam Qoilang, Soinam Qoigyi Langbo |
Sonam Choglang, Soenam Choklang |
| 3. | Ensapa Lobsang Dﾃｶndrup | 1505窶1568ﾂｹ | 狄隊ｽ籾ｽｺ狄内ｼ金ｽｦ狆金ｽ扉ｼ金ｽ籾ｾｳ狄ｼ狆金ｽ籾ｽ游ｽ狆金ｽ隊ｽｼ狄内ｼ金ｽ隊ｾｲ狄ｴ狄扉ｼ金ｼ Dben-sa-pa Blo-bzang Don-grub |
Wﾃｪnsaba Lobsang Toinchub | Gyalwa Ensapa, Ensapa Lozang Dﾃｶndrup, Ensapa Losang Dhodrub |
| 4. | Lobsang Chﾃｶkyi Gyalsten | 1570窶1662 | 狄籾ｾｳ狄ｼ狆金ｽ籾ｽ游ｽ狆金ｽ狄ｼ狄ｦ狆金ｽ狎ｱ狄ｲ狆金ｽ｢狎亭ｾｱ狄｣狆金ｽ倨ｽ壟ｽ内ｼ金ｼ Blo-bzang Chos-kyi Rgyal-mtshan |
Lobsang Qoigyi Gyaicain | Losang Chﾃｶkyi Gyﾃ､ltsﾃ､n, Lozang Chﾃｶkyi Gyeltsen, Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen, Lobsang Choegyal, Lobsang Chﾃｶkyi Gyaltsen |
| 5. | Lobsang Yeshe | 1663窶1737 | 狄籾ｾｳ狄ｼ狆金ｽ籾ｽ游ｽ狆金ｽ｡狄ｺ狆金ｽ､狄ｺ狄ｦ狆金ｼ Blo-bzang Ye-shes |
Lobsang Yﾃｪxﾃｪ | Lobsang Yeshi, Losang Yeshe |
| 6. | Lobsang Palden Yeshe | 1738窶1780 | 狄籾ｾｳ狄ｼ狆金ｽ籾ｽ游ｽ狆金ｽもｾ､狄｣狆金ｽ｣狎｡狄内ｼ金ｽ｡狄ｺ狆金ｽ､狄ｺ狄ｦ狆金ｼ Blo-bzang Gpal-ldan Ye-shes |
Lobsang Baidain Yﾃｪxﾃｪ | Palden Yeshe, Palden Yeshi |
| 7. | Palden Tenpai Nyima | 1782窶1853 | 狄もｾ､狄｣狆金ｽ｣狎｡狄内ｼ金ｽ籾ｽｦ狎游ｽ内ｼ金ｽ扉ｽ狄ｲ狆金ｽ霞ｽｲ狆金ｽ倨ｼ金ｼ Gpal-ldan Bstan-pa'i Nyi-ma |
Dainbai Nyima | Tﾃ､npﾃ､ Nyima, Tenpﾃｩ Nyima, Tempai Nyima, Tenpey Nyima |
| 8. | Tenpai Wangchuk | 1855?窶1882 | 狄籾ｽｦ狎游ｽ内ｼ金ｽ扉ｽ狄ｲ狆金ｽ隊ｽ籾ｽ狆金ｽ歩ｾｱ狄ｴ狄もｼ金ｼ Bstan-pa'i Dbang-phyug |
Dainbai Wangqug | Tﾃ､npﾃ､ Wangchug, Tenpﾃｩ Wangchuk, Tempai Wangchuk, Tenpey Wangchuk |
| 9. | Thubten Chﾃｶkyi Nyima | 1883窶1937 | 狄説ｽｴ狄籾ｼ金ｽ籾ｽｦ狎游ｽ内ｼ金ｽ狄ｼ狄ｦ狆金ｽ狎ｱ狄ｲ狆金ｽ霞ｽｲ狆金ｽ倨ｼ金ｼ Thub-bstan Chos-kyi Nyi-ma |
Tubdain Qoigyi Nyima | Choekyi Nyima, Thubtﾃ､n Chﾃｶkyi Nyima |
| 10. | Lobsang Trinley Lhﾃｼndrub Chﾃｶkyi Gyaltsen | 1938窶1989ﾂｲ | 狄籾ｾｳ狄ｼ狄籾ｽ游ｽ狆金ｽ歩ｾｲ狄ｲ狄内ｼ金ｽ｣狄ｦ狆金ｽ｣狎ｷ狄ｴ狄内ｼ金ｽもｾｲ狄ｴ狄籾ｼ 狄狄ｼ狄ｦ狆金ｽ狎ｱ狄ｲ狆金ｽ｢狎亭ｾｱ狄｣狆金ｽ倨ｽ壟ｽ内ｼ金ｼ Blo-bzang Phrin-las Lhun-grub Chos-kyi Rgyal-mtshan |
Lobsang Chinlai Lhﾃｼnchub Qoigyi Gyaicain | Choekyi Gyaltsen, Chﾃｶkyi Gyeltsen, Choekyi Gyaltse, Trinley Choekyi Gyaltsen, Lozang Trinlﾃ､ Lhﾃｼndrup Chﾃｶkyi Gyﾃ､ltsﾃ､n |
| 11. | Gedhun Choekyi Nyima | 1989窶 | 狄隊ｽもｽｺ狆金ｽ狄隊ｽｴ狄内ｼ金ｽ狄ｼ狄ｦ狆金ｽ狎ｱ狄ｲ狆金ｽ霞ｽｲ狆金ｽ倨ｼ金ｼ Dge-'dun Chos-kyi Nyi-ma |
Gﾃｪdﾃｼn Qoigyi Nyima | Gendﾃｼn Chﾃｶkyi Nyima, Gendhun Choekyi Nyima |
| 11. | Gyancain Norbu | 1990窶 | 狄狄ｼ狄ｦ狆金ｽ狎ｱ狄ｲ狆金ｽ｢狎亭ｾｱ狄｣狆金ｽ扉ｽｼ狆金ｼ Chos-kyi Rgyal-po |
Chﾃｶ kyi Gyelpo | Choekyi Gyalpo, Chﾃｶkyi Gyﾃ､lbo, Gyaltsen Norbu, Qoigyijabu |
Notes
- 竊 1.0 1.1 Thubten Jigme Norbu and Heinrich Harrer, Tibet Is My Country: Autobiography of Thubten Jigme Norbu, Brother of the Dalai Lama as Told to Heinrich Harrer (Wisdom Publications, 1986, ISBN 978-0861710454).
- 竊 Roshen Dalal, The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths (Penguin Book, 2014, ISBN 978-0143423164).
- 竊 James Griffiths, A boy chosen as the Panchen Lama disappeared in 1995. China says he's now a college grad with a job CNN, May 21, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
- 竊 The title Panchen Lama was conferred posthumously on the first two Panchen Lamas.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Dalal, Roshen. The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin Book, 2014. ISBN 978-0143423164
- Goldstein, Melvyn C. The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama. University of California Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0520219519
- Hilton, Isabel. The Search for the Panchen Lama. W. W. Norton & Company; 1st American Ed edition, 2001. ISBN 978-0393321678
- Norbu, Thubten Jigme, and Heinrich Harrer. Edward Fitzgerald (trans.) Tibet Is My Country: Autobiography of Thubten Jigme Norbu, Brother of the Dalai Lama as Told to Heinrich Harrer. Wisdom Publications, 1986. ISBN 978-0861710454
- White, David. Himalayan Tragedy: The Story of Tibet's Panchen Lamas. The Tibet Society of the UK, 2002. ISBN 978-0954217907
External links
All links retrieved November 18, 2022.
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