Raoul Wallenberg
Raoul Gustav Wallenberg (born August 4, 1912, exact date of death is disputed) was a Swedish diplomat and a member of the influential Wallenberg family. In the later stages of World War II, he worked tirelessly and at great personal risk to save many thousands of Hungarian Jews from the Holocaust. He was later arrested by the Soviets, who suspected him of being a spy; the circumstances of his death while in their custody are still a matter of great controversy. Raoul's actions stand as a tribute to having the courage of one's convictions under the most trying of circumstances, and to the difference that one righteous person can make even in the face of unspeakable evil.
Birth and family
He was born in Kappsta, Sweden, to Raoul Oscar Wallenberg (1888-1912), a Swedish naval officer, and Maria "Maj" Sofia Wising (1891-1979), who had some Jewish ancestors. Raoul Wallenberg, Sr., died of cancer three months before his son was born. His paternal grandfather was also a Swedish diplomat. In 1918, his mother married Fredrik von Dardel. Raoul Wallenberg also had a maternal half-sister, Nina, whose daughter Nane is married to Kofi Annan.
Education and employment
In 1931, Wallenberg went to study in the United States, earning a bachelor's degree in architecture from the University of Michigan, in 1935. He also learned Russian. He returned to Sweden, and his grandfather arranged a job for him in Cape Town, South Africa, where he worked for a Swedish company that sold construction material. In the same year, he went to work at a branch office of a Dutch bank in Haifa, where he befriended a Hungarian Jew. He returned to Sweden in 1936, and took a job at The Central European Trading Company. The firm was owned by a Jewish man, Lauer, who was barred from visiting certain areas of Europe, so Wallenberg went instead. There, he learned how the Nazis thought and how best to speak with them.
Holocaust
During the Holocaust, Wallenberg was deeply disturbed by the Nazis' campaign. He was assigned as first secretary to the Swedish legation in Budapest, Hungary, on July 9, 1944. He used his diplomatic status to save many Hungarian Jews by issuing them Swedish "protective passports" (German: Schutz-Pass), which identified the bearers as Swedish subjects awaiting repatriation. Although not legally valid, these documents looked impressively official and were generally accepted by the German and Hungarian authorities, occasionally aided by outright bribery. He also rented houses for Jewish refugees with embassy funds and put up fake signs such as "The Swedish Library" and "The Swedish Research Institute" on their doors. He housed other refugees in the Swedish legation in Budapest. He skillfully negotiated with Nazi officials such as Adolf Eichmann, and the commander of the German Army in Hungary, General Gerhard Schmidthuber, and got them to cancel deportations to German concentration camps by having his fascist ally, PĂĄl Szalay, deliver a note in which Wallenberg threatened to have them prosecuted for war crimes. This was just two days before the Russians arrived.
According to the Israeli organization Yad Vashem, Wallenberg is credited with personally saving the lives of many thousands of Hungarian Jews. One story credits him with either threatening or persuading a German general to ignore orders from Adolf Hitler to destroy the ghettos and kill the remaining inhabitants in the last desperate days before Budapest's liberation. This may be merely apocryphal, but if true, the number of people saved by Wallenberg's actions would rise to about 100,000. When the Russians finally took over, they found 97,000 Jews living in Budapest's two ghettos. In total, roughly 204,000, of the pre-war population of about 800,000, Hungarian Jews survived.
Arrest
Wallenberg was arrested by the Soviet Red Army on January 17, 1945, as they entered Budapest, probably on suspicion of espionage for the United States. He was taken to Lubyanka in Moscow, with his driver Langfelder. Wallenberg was then transferred to Lefortovo prison in another part of Moscow for a further two years.
Official "death" and later sightings
On February 6, 1957, under international pressure, the Soviets released a document they claimed to have found in their archives stating that "the prisoner Wallenberg, who is known to you, died last night in his cell." The document was dated July 17, 1947, and was signed by Smoltsov, then head of the Lubyanka prison infirmary, the notorious KGB prison. The note was addressed to Viktor Abakumov, the Soviet minister of state security. However, the Soviets did not explain why they had not released this information earlier. In 1989, the Soviets returned his personal belongings to his family. His passport, money, daybook, and clothing were returned; his personal papers, however, were not.
There were many reports of sightings long after the official date of his death. Prisoners released from the Gulag claimed to have seen a foreign inmate answering to Wallenberg's description as late as 1990. A number of testimonies have placed him in Siberian or Russian prisons as late as 1981.
All over the world, many people think Wallenberg is still alive and demand that he be released from his Russian captivity. In Sweden and other countriesâmainly the U.S.âRaoul Wallenberg associations work endlessly to find answers to what happened Raoul Wallenberg.[1]
Josyp Terelya, the Ukrainian activist who was imprisoned by the Soviets for refusing to abandon his nationalism and Catholic faith, wrote in his autobiography that he believes he was jailed with Wallenberg. He drew pictures and devoted a significant portion of his autobiography to this man and his influence on Terelya.
Honors
- Raoul Wallenberg was made an Honorary Citizen of the United States in 1981. The bill was sponsored by California Representative Tom Lantos, a Hungarian Jew who as a teenager found refuge in one of Wallenberg's safe houses. He was later made an honorary citizen of Canada in 1985, of Israel in 1986, and of the city of Budapest in 2003.
- In 1996, Wallenberg was honored at Israel's Yad Vashem memorial as one of the Righteous Among the Nations, recognizing those non-Jews who helped save Jews from the Holocaust.
- The Wallenberg Endowment of the University of Michigan awards the prestigious Wallenberg Medal and Lecture to outstanding humanitarians. The university's Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning also awards Wallenberg Scholarships to exceptional undergraduate and graduate students, many of which are given to enable students to broaden their study of architecture to include work in distant locations.
Memorials
- Raoul Wallenberg Memorial Park in Budapest commemorates Wallenberg and others who saved many of Budapest's Jews from deportation to extermination camps.
- The Raoul Wallenberg Institute was established in 1984 at Lund University in Sweden. RWI aims to be a leading institution for research, education, and training regarding all aspects of international human rights law.
- In 2001, a memorial was created in Stockholm to honor Wallenberg. Unveiled by King Carl XVI Gustaf, at a ceremony attended by UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and his wife, Wallenberg's niece, is an abstract memorial depicting people rising from the concrete, accompanied by a bronze replica of Wallenberg's signature, which saved so many lives. It has garnered a lot of criticism in Sweden because many see it as ugly and unworthy of such a great hero; however, Wallenberg's sister Nina Lagergren expressed her approval. At the unveiling, King Carl XVI Gustaf said Wallenberg is "a great example to those of us who want to live as fellow humans." Kofi Annan said Wallenberg is "an inspiration for all of us to act when we can and to have the courage to help those who are suffering and in need of help."
- Several schools in Sweden have been named after Wallenberg, and there are several streets named Wallenbergsgatan or Raoul Wallenbergsgatan.
- There are streets named after him in the Israeli cities of Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, and Haifa, in Earl Bales Park in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in CĂ´te Saint-Luc (a suburb of Montreal, Quebec, Canada) and in Trenton, New Jersey.
- Raoul Wallenberg Park is located in Nepean, Ontario, Canada.
- He is memorialized in the Capitol Rotunda, Washington, DC.
- The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is located on a Washington, DC street named Raoul Wallenberg Place in his honor.
- Raoul Wallenberg Alternative High School is located in San Francisco, California, and a grammar school (P.S. 194)is located in Brooklyn, where Wallenberg's legacy is celebrated every year in December.
- In 1982, an outdoor theater located in Overton Park in Memphis, Tennessee, was renamed the Raoul Wallenberg Shell.
- A park named for Raoul Wallenberg is in San Jose, California.
Other World War II rescuers
- Ho Feng Shan, Chinese Consul in Vienna, who freely issued Chinese visas to Jews against orders to the contrary
- Rudolf Kasztner, controversial figure who saved 1,685 Hungarian Jews
- Carl Lutz, Swiss consul in Budapest
- Aristides Sousa Mendes, Portuguese consul in Bordeaux
- Ăngel Sanz Britz, Spanish ambassador in Budapest who saved about 5,000 Hungarian Jews
- Oskar Schindler, savior of many Jews from the Auschwitz concentration camp
- Henryk Slawik, Polish diplomat in Budapest
- Chiune Sugihara, Japanese vice-consul in Lithuania who issued thousands of exit visas against orders to the contrary
- Nicholas Winton, British citizen who saved 669 Jewish Czech children prior to the German occupation
Notes
- â Jewish Virtual Library, Raoul Wallenberg. Retrieved December 15, 2006.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Bierman, John. Righteous Gentile: The Story of Raoul Wallenberg, Missing Hero of the Holocaust. New York: Viking Press, 1981. ISBN 0670749249
- Berger, Susanne. [www.raoul-wallenberg.asso.fr Stuck in neutral: The reasons behind Sweden's passivity in the Raoul Wallenberg case.] Retrieved November 2, 2007.
- Isreali Homepage, Biography of Wallenberg. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
- Lester, Elenore. New York Times Magazine. 1980.
- Raoul Wallenberg.org. Biography. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
- Rosenfeld, Harvey. Raoul Wallenberg. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1995. ISBN 0841913595
- Werbell, Frederick E. and Thurston Clarke. Lost Hero: The Mystery of Raoul Wallenberg. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982. ISBN 0070694109
External links
All links retrieved December 7, 2022.
- International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation.
- A Hero Without a Grave.
- Search for Swedish Holocaust hero.
- Thomas Veres (Raoul Wallenberg's personal photographer) "I Was There" Beliefnet.
- Biography on Jewish Virtual Library.
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