Difference between revisions of "Hazing" - New World Encyclopedia

Revision as of 16:55, 30 June 2022

Paddling depicted on 1922 cover of College Humor magazine

Hazing refers to any activity expected of someone in joining or participating in a group that humiliates, degrades, abuses, or endangers them regardless of a person's willingness to participate.

Hazing is seen in many different types of social groups, including gangs, sports teams, schools, cliques, universities, military units, prisons and fraternities and sororities. The initiation rites can range from relatively benign pranks to protracted patterns of behavior that rise to the level of criminal misconduct. In the most extreme, hazing has had fatal consequences.

While the hazing experience is intended to increase commitment by new members, both to the other members and the purpose of the group, the abusive actions have led to numerous complaints and efforts to curtail the practice. In fact, hazing is often prohibited by Law or by institutions such as colleges and universities because it may include either physical or psychological abuse. However, due to the secretive nature of the initiation activities in many groups, and the senior members' unwillingness to forego the opportunity to be the perpetrators of acts similar to those they were victims of, this has been difficult to enforce.

Psychology, sociology, purpose and effects

See also: Initiation and Rite of passage

The practice of ritual abuse among social groups is not clearly understood. This is partly due to the secretive nature of the activities, especially within collegiate fraternities and sororities, and in part a result of long-term acceptance of hazing. Thus, it has been difficult for researchers to agree on the underlying social and psychological mechanisms that perpetuate hazing.

Initiation rituals, such as those employed in hazing, have been theorized to lead to the development of social cohesion though group identification and identity fusion.^[1] As well as group attraction, hazing initiations can also produce conformity among new members.^[2]

Hazing supposedly serves a deliberate purpose of building solidarity. Psychologist Robert Cialdini uses the framework of consistency and commitment to explain the phenomenon of hazing and the vigor and zeal to which practitioners of hazing persist in and defend these activities even when they are made illegal.^[3] Studies of hazing in college fraternities and sororities, suggest that severe initiations produce cognitive dissonance.^[4] Dissonance is then thought to produce feelings of strong group attraction among initiates after the experience, because they want to justify the effort expended.^[5]

On the other hand, rewards during mild initiations have important consequences in that initiates who feel more rewarded express stronger group identity: A reward led to higher group identity than no reward. ... Interestingly, a mild initiation followed by a reward led to more group identity than a severe initiation followed by a reward.^[6] Such findings support the idea of group socialization proposed by Levine and Moreland in which the relationship between the individual and the group "is assumed to change in systematic ways over time and both parties are viewed as active social influence agents."^[7]

There are several psychological effects that both the hazer and hazee endure throughout the hazing process. Hazing can result in some positive outcomes: During the hazing process, a bond between the two parties (the hazer and the hazee) grows.^[8] Many people view hazing as an effective way to teach respect and develop discipline and loyalty within the group, and believe that hazing is a necessary component of initiation rites.^[9]

In military circles hazing is sometimes assumed to test recruits under situations of stress and hostility. Although in no way a recreation of combat, hazing does put people into stressful situations that they are unable to control, which allegedly should weed out the weaker members prior to being put in situations where failure to perform will cost lives. The problem with this approach, according to opponents, is that the stress and hostility comes from inside the group, and not from outside as in actual combat situation, creating suspicion and distrust towards the superiors and comrades-in-arms.

Methods

Traditionally, college fraternities and sororities conduct initiation rituals known as hazing for potential new members ("Pledges"). Hazing activities can involve forms of ridicule and humiliation within the group or in public, while other hazing incidents are akin to pranks. A "snipe hunt" is such a prank, when a newcomer or credulous person is given an impossible task, such as being sent to find a tin of Tartan paint, or a "dough repair kit" in a bakery.^[10]

Spanking may be involved, mainly in the form of paddling, sometimes over a lap, a knee, furniture, or a pillow. A variation of this (also as punishment) is trading licks. This practice is also used in the military.^[11]

Submission to senior members of the group is common, often with meaningless tests of obedience such as waiting on others (as at fraternity parties) or various other forms of housework. In some cases, the hazee may be made to eat raw eggs, peppers, hot sauce, or drink too much alcohol. Some hazing even includes eating or drinking vile things such as bugs or rotting food.^[11]

The hazee may have to wear an imposed piece of clothing, outfit, item or something else worn by the victim in a way that would bring negative attention to the wearer. Examples include a uniform (such as a toga); a leash or collar; infantile and other humiliating dress and attire; and partial (or possibly complete) nudity.^[11]

Scope

Hazing is a widespread phenomenon, known by a variety of terms and practiced in various institutions around the world. It is particularly popular in educational and military contexts, although other clubs and groups may also have hazing rituals for new recruits.

United States

Hazing practices in fraternity life began to appear shortly after the Civil War. Veterans brought the hazing practices of their battalions back with them, adopting such activities into fraternity life. The purpose of hazing was perceived as a way of providing young males an outlet to prove their manliness through rites and trials, showing themselves to be men and not boys. Other hazing practices served to put an individual in his place, reducing his sense of personal omnipotence to "subsume his individuality into something larger and better than himself."^[12]

A 2007 survey at American colleges found 55 percent of students in "clubs, teams, and organizations" experienced behavior the survey defined as hazing, including in varsity athletics and Greek-letter organizations. This survey found 47 percent of respondents experienced hazing before college, and in 25 percent of hazing cases, school staff were aware of the activity. 90% of students who experienced behavior the researchers defined as hazing did not consider themselves to have been hazed, and 95% of those who experienced what they themselves defined as hazing did not report it. The most common hazing-related activities reported in student groups included alcohol consumption, humiliation, isolation, sleep deprivation, and sex acts.^[13]

Police forces, especially those with a paramilitary tradition, or sub-units of police forces such as tactical teams, as well as rescue services, such as lifeguards, also commonly have hazing rituals.^[14]^[15]

Europe

Hazing is also quite common in Europe in both educational and military contexts. It is known by a variety of terms in the different languages.

Educational institutions

In some languages, terms with a religious theme are preferred, such as baptism or purgatory (for example Baptême in Belgian French, doop in Belgian Dutch, chrzciny in Polish) or variations on a theme of naïveté and the rite of passage such as a derivation from a term for freshman, for example bizutage in European French, ontgroening ("de-greenhorn") in Dutch and Afrikaans (South Africa and Namibia), novatada in Spanish (from novato, meaning newcomer or rookie). In Latvian, the word iesvētības (literally "in-blessings") also stands for religious rites of passage, especially confirmation.

Hazing rituals are a common practice in Belgium in student clubs (fraternities and sororities, called studentenclubs) and student societies (called studentenverenigingen, studentenkringen or faculteitskringen). The latter is attached to the faculty of the university, while the first ones are privately operated. Hazing rituals in student societies have generally been safer than those in student clubs, precisely because they are to some extent regulated by universities.

In the Netherlands, the so-called 'traditional fraternities' have an introduction time which includes hazing rituals. The pledges go for a few days to a camp during which they undergo hazing rituals but are meanwhile introduced in the traditions of the fraternity. Often, pledges collect or perform chores to raise funds for charity. At the end of the hazing period, the inauguration of the new members take place.

Freshman being "baptized" by older students

The Portuguese term Praxe (from the Greek praxis) describes the whole of student traditions in universities or, more often, to the initiation rituals freshmen are subjected to in some Portuguese universities. The Praxe is meant to initiate the freshmen into the University institution and to encourage the loss of social inhibitions.^[16] Tradition, ritual, humor, joy and parody are some of the main ingredients of Praxe. Older students tend to produce funny situations and jokes with the freshmen; giving a warm welcome to them through initiation rituals. In most Portuguese higher education institutions, girls and boys have some gender-separated rituals to preserve dignity and respect.

The roots of Praxe go as far back as the fourteenth century, but it became most known in the sixteenth century, under the name of the "Investidas", in the University of Coimbra, the oldest of its kind in the country.^[16] From Coimbra, the tradition spread into Lisbon and Porto in the nineteenth century, when those cities gained access to higher education and students from those same cities transferred closer to home and brought the Praxe and its customs with them. The ritual burning of the ribbons of Queima das Fitas, the tradition of ripping and tearing of the newly graduates academic suit, the Festa das Latas with its Latada parade where the freshmen walk throughout the streets with cans on their feet, the Cortejo da Queima parade of Queima das Fitas, among many other rituals, festivals, and traditions, are examples of events which are associated with Praxe.

Military

In the Italian military, the term used was nonnismo (from nonno, literally "grandfather"), a jargon term used for the soldiers who had already served for most of their draft period.

A similar equivalent term exists in the Russian military, where a hazing phenomenon known as dedovshchina exists referring to the senior corps of soldiers in their final year of conscription. Dedovshchina (lit. reign of grandfathers) is the informal practice of hazing and abuse of junior conscripts historically in the Soviet Armed Forces and today in the Russian armed forces, Internal Troops, and to a much lesser extent FSB, Border Guards, as well as the military forces of certain former Soviet Republics. It consists of brutalization by more senior conscripts, NCOs, and officers.

Dedovshchina encompasses a variety of subordinating and humiliating activities undertaken by the junior ranks, from doing the chores of the senior ranks, to violent and sometimes deadly physical and psychological abuse, not unlike an extremely vicious form of bullying or torture, including rape.^[17]

Asia

Ragging is the term used for hazing in the Indian subcontinent, including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Ragging involves abuse, humiliation, or harassment of new entrants or junior students by the senior students.

Several highly reputed Indian colleges, especially medical ones have a history of ragging. Sometimes it is even considered to be a college tradition.

Ragging is widely prevalent in Sri Lanka. In Sri Lanka inception of ragging can be pleasant at first, hence the name 'Mal Samaya'. During this week or so, all newcomers are ordered to memorize the name and hometown of their peers as well as details of their immediate relatives. The objective of this exercise is said to be increasing the friendship among batch mates (locally termed as batch fit').

Controversies and efforts to curtail hazing

There have been numerous reports of problems related to hazing, ranging from damage to property, to injuries of various degrees of severity, including death, to criminal activities. As a result, there have been many efforts to curtail the practice, both on the instiutional and national levels.

The "Scenes of Hazing", as portrayed in an early student yearbook of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, circa 1879.

United States

Hazing is often cited as one of the most harmful aspects of fraternities and sororities and poses a major threat to their existence, drawing great criticism from educators and administrators.^[18]

Hazing incidents including "beating or kicking to the point of traumatic injury or death, burning or branding, excessive calisthenics, being forced to eat unpleasant substances, and psychological or sexual abuse of both males and females." Reported coerced sexual activity is sometimes considered "horseplay" rather than rape.^[19] Between 1970 and 1999, 56 hazing deaths were reported.^[20]

Colleges and universities sometimes avoid publicizing hazing incidents for fear of damaging institutional reputations or incurring financial liability to victims.^[21] Also, hazing injuries are often not recognized for their true cause in emergency medical centers as hazing victims sometimes hide the real cause of injuries out of shame or to protect those who caused the harm. In protecting their abusers, hazing victims can be compared with victims of domestic violence.^[19]

As fraternities and sororities are very diverse in their structures, regulations, governing entities, and memberships, and as hazing can take on many forms, the issue of hazing within these organizations is complex and multifaceted.

Generally, institutions of higher education will have their own definitions of hazing, though they may closely mirror definitions found in their respective state statutes. For example, the University of Arizona notes that hazing is a violation of University of Arizona policy and Arizona State law, and provides the following definition of hazing in its "University of Arizona Hazing Policy":

"Hazing" means any intentional, knowing or reckless act committed by a student, whether individually or in concert with other persons, against another student, and in which both of the following apply: (a) The act was committed in connection with an initiation into, an affiliation with or the maintenance of membership in any organization that is affiliated with the University.
(b) The act contributes to a substantial risk of potential physical injury, mental harm or degradation or causes physical injury, mental harm or personal degradation.^[22]

Many American educational institutions have developed anti-hazing programs, which encourage alternatives to hazing through the planning of purposeful activities, inform students of how to take action and avoid being a bystander, and provide clear consequences for those students and/or organizations who violate hazing policies.^[9] Additionally, hazing has become a central focus of programs designed to help Greek letter organizations become more value congruent through institutionalized standards and expectations ^[23]

Individual national Greek Letter Organizations have taken the initiative against activities related to hazing. For example, Phi Beta Sigma fraternity adopted an anti-hazing campaign to eradicate hazing practices in its individual chapters, providing numerous support resources to effectively combat the practice.^[24]

Attempts at preventing hazing have also targeted Greek letter organizations at the national level, even encouraging the closure of chapters that consistently partake in illegal and risky activities and pose threats to their local and university communities.^[25] Some have proposed the creation of a recognized pledge program in which national fraternity and sorority leaders participate, under the recognized supervision of university officials, as well as the yearly evaluation of fraternities and sororities to determine their eligibility for continued recognition and sponsorship.^[26]

However, such programs are difficult to implement since many Greek letter organizations, such as those governed by the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) and the National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations (NALFO), prohibit their pledges (also known as “interests” or “new members”) from revealing their association with their organization until they have been initiated. As a result, it is difficult for institutions to reach out to members in anti-hazing efforts and virtually impossible for these pledges or interests to reach out for help, especially if they wish to remain members, pledges, or interests of their organizations.^[27]

Europe

Various incidents in European countries have been reported, leading to attempts to curtail hazing activities, and in some cases to legal action against the perpetrators and the institutions.

In 2018 in Belgium, twenty-year-old student Sanda Dia died from multiple organ failure in the Reuzegom hazing ritual. The student society had attracted negative attention in the past, having been accused of animal cruelty during a hazing incident in 2009, for which the members involved were forced to pay a fine.^[28] KU Leuven drew up a hazing charter that was to be signed by student societies, fraternities and sororities. Signing the charter would have been a pledge to notify the city of the place and time of the hazing ceremony, and to abstain from violence, racism, extortion, bullying, sexual assault, discrimination, and the use of vertebrate animals. However a number of clubs refused to sign the new charter, arguing they did not want to lose their independence and rejected the rule that obliges them to report each hazing ahead.^[29]

In Portugal, some Praxe rituals have been accused of going against the principles set in the modern codes of the Praxe,^[16] with the older students taking the Praxe too far, such that the initiation rituals, jokes, and traditions are degraded into humiliation and violence. Such incidents have led to criticism against the Praxe, and the creation of student organizations against it.

In some cases criminal activities have been involved. In the 2000s, the Ministry of Higher Education, Mariano Gago, was called by students who wished to see justice applied against abusers, as the institutions themselves ignored their complaints. The first case of abuse in the Praxe involving court action against 6 perpetrators, happened in 2003 at an agricultural polytechnic institution from Santarém – the Escola Agrária de Santarém of the Instituto Politécnico de Santarém. Driven by a driver of the polytechnic, a van from the school was used in the process. In 2008, the students were convicted of the crimes of bodily harm and coercion.^[30]

In 2001 Diogo Macedo, a fourth year Architecture student of the Universidade Lusíada of Vila Nova de Famalicão, died from wounds resulting of massive trauma to his spine which the coroner ruled as having been dealt by a blunt object during a praxe event. Judicial proceedings found that the university was guilty of not supervising such events on campus grounds and award the parents of the deceased student 90,000 euros. Two suspects were arraigned as defendants but in 2004 the case would be closed due to insufficient evidence to proceed any further. ^[31]

Hazing incidents are rare in the Republic of Ireland, but are known at certain elite educational institutions. Hazing took place at Dublin City University's Accounting & Finance Society in 2018, where first-years standing for committee positions had to complete a variety of sexualized games. The club was suspended for a year as a result.^[32]

Hazing also occurs in sports societies. A report on Gaelic games county players noted that 6 percent of players reported were aware of forced binge drinking as a form of hazing.^[33] Dublin University Boat Club are known for hazing, with rituals including consumption of alcohol, stripping to ones underwear, caning with bamboo rods, push-ups, being shouted at, standing in the rain, being tied together by shoelaces and crawling a maze while being hit with pillows.^[34]

There have been reports that many young men are killed or commit suicide every year in Russia because of dedovshchina.^[35] The New York Times reported that in 2006 at least 292 Russian soldiers were killed by dedovshchina (although the Russian military only admits that 16 soldiers were directly murdered by acts of dedovshchina and claims that the rest committed suicide), as well as several thousand reports of abuse: "On Aug. 4, it was announced by the chief military prosecutor that there had been 3,500 reports of abuse already this year (2006), compared with 2,798 in 2005".^[36] The BBC meanwhile reported that in 2007, 341 soldiers committed suicide, a 15 percent reduction over the previous year.^[37]

Overall, the Russian state has done little to curtail dedovshchina. In 2003, on the specific issues of denial of food and poor nutrition, Deputy Minister of Defence V. Isakov denied the existence of such problems.^[38]

Asia

Ragging involves abuse, humiliation, or harassment of new entrants or junior students by the senior students. It often takes a malignant form wherein the newcomers may be subjected to psychological or physical torture.

Ragging has become increasingly unpopular in India due to complaints of serious injury to the victims.^[39]^[40]

Following Supreme Court orders, a National Anti-Ragging Helpline was launched by the Indian government.^[41] India's National Anti-Ragging Helpline started working in June 2009 to help students in distress due to ragging. It can be reached through email and a 24-hour toll-free number. Provision for anonymous complaints was considered of utmost important at the time of establishment of the helpline, since the victim after making the complaint remains with or close to the culprits, away from a fully secure environment.

The effectiveness of these measures are unknown; many accused of ragging freshmen are either let out with a warning or saved from legal action by political or caste lobbyists.

Legislation has been enacted in an attempt to enforce restrictions on ragging. For example, in 1999, the Government of Maharashtra enacted the Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999 to prohibit ragging, based on the following definition:

“Ragging” means display of disorderly conduct, doing of any act which causes or is likely to cause physical or psychological harm or raise apprehension or fear or shame or embarrassment to a student in any educational institution and includes— (i) teasing, abusing, threatening or playing practical jokes on, or causing hurt to, such student ; or (ii) asking a student to do any act or perform something which such student will not, in the ordinary course, willingly, do.^[42]

The objective of the act is to create a framework to establish ragging as a criminal act, and lay out possible punishments under the law. Section 4 of the Act states:

Whoever directly or indirectly commits, participates in, abets or propagates ragging within or outside any educational institution shall, on conviction, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years and shall also be liable to a fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees.^[42]

Students who have been convicted under this act may also be dismissed from their educational institution, and not be allowed to enroll in any other educational institution for five years. In addition, the act lays out a procedure by which education institutions should handle accusations of ragging, with suspension of the accused student(s) and investigation of the allegations, and holds those institutions accountable if they fail to act in the manner described. Under Section 7 of the Act, the head of the institution who fails or neglects to properly investigate such allegations "shall be deemed to have abetted the offense of ragging and shall, on conviction, be punished as provided for in section 4."^[42] In other words, the school principal, chancellor, or other head faces the same punishment as a student who has been accused and convicted under this law.

It was applied in 2013, and resulted in the suspension of six students from Rajiv Gandhi Medical College in Mumbai.^[43] The most notable case in which it has been applied is the suicide of Payal Tadvi, in which three senior medical students were charged under this act as well as under the Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, and the Information Technology Act, 2000. ^[44] They were charged with ragging consisting of harassment, humiliation, and discrimination which directly led to her suicide.^[45]

The University Grants Commission (UGC) has passed UGC regulation on curbing ragging in higher educational institutions, beginning in 2009 with updates in 2013 and 2016.^[46] These regulation mandate every college responsibilities to curb ragging, including strict pre-emptive measures, like lodging freshers in a separate hostel, surprise raids at night by the anti-ragging squad, and submission of affidavits by all senior students and their parents taking oath not to indulge in ragging. In the 2016 amendment, the definition of ragging was updated to read:

Any act of physical or mental abuse (including bullying and exclusion) targeted at another student (fresher or otherwise) on the ground of colour, race, religion, caste, ethnicity, gender (including transgender), sexual orientation, appearance, nationality, regional origins, linguistic identity, place of birth, place of residence or economic background.^[46]

Ragging in Sri Lanka has a certain psychological basis: Many senior students state they do not wish to rag juniors but succumb to peer pressure. On the other hand, although some new students or freshers enjoyed being ragged by their seniors, other students despised it. Following their ragging they did not even wish to talk to the senior students who subjected them to "inhumane mental and physical torture." It was found that although ragging was intended to be a "social equalizer," in reality it "deepened the gap between the social classes."^[47]

Although ragging is a criminal offense in Sri Lanka under the Prohibition of Ragging and other Forms of Violence in Educational institutions Act, No. 20 of 1998 and carries a severe punishment,^[48] several variations of ragging can be observed in universities around the country. Through the years this practice has worsened to all types of violence including sexual violence, harassment and has also claimed the lives of several students. The University Grants Commission of Sri Lanka, have set up several pathways to report ragging incidents, including a special office, helpline and a mobile app where students can make a complaint anonymously or seek help.^[49]

Notes

↑ Harvey Whitehouse and Jonathan A. Lanman, The Ties That Bind Us Current Anthropology 55(6) (2014): 674–695. Retrieved June 15, 2022.
↑ Caroline F. Keating, Jason Pomerantz, et al., Going to college and unpacking hazing: A functional approach to decrypting initiation practices among undergraduates Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 9(2) (2005): 104–126. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
↑ Robert Cialdini, Influence: Science and Practice (Allyn & Bacon, 2000, ISBN 978-0321011473).
↑ Elliot Aronson and Judson Mills, The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 59(2) (1959): 177–181. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
↑ Leon Festinger, The psychological effects of insufficient rewards American Psychologist 16(1) (1961): 1–11. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
↑ Caroline Kamau, What does being initiated severely into a group do? The role of rewards International Journal of Psychology 48(3) (2013): 399-406. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
↑ John M. Levine and Richard L. Moreland, Group Socialization: Theory and Research European Review of Social Psychology 5(1) (1994): 305-336. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
↑ Judy L. Van Raalte, Allen E. Cornelius, Darwyn E. Linder, and Britton W. Brewer, The Relationship Between Hazing and Team Cohesion Journal of Sport Behavior, 30(4) (2007): 491–507. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Barbara B. Hollmann, Hazing: Hidden campus crime New Directions for Student Services 2002(99) 2002:11-24. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
↑ Reinhold Aman (ed.), Maledicta 12 (Maledicta Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0916500320).
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Chris Glavin, Hazing Methods K12 Academics. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
↑ Emily Esfahani Smith, On fraternities & manliness The New Criterion, May 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
↑ Elizabeth J. Allan and Mary Madden, Hazing in View: College Students at Risk Initial Findings from the National Study of Student Hazing National Study of Student Hazing, March 11, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
↑ Lifeguards fired for hazing new squad members The Journal Times, July 18, 1997. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
↑ Eric S. Page, City Probes Alleged Nude Lifeguard Hazing Incident NBC San Diego, August 11, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 Henrique Tigo, Praxe Académica Portal RegiaoCentro.net. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
↑ Luke Harding, Russian army sold recruits for sex, rights group claims The Guardian, February 14, 2007. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
↑ Edward G. Whipple and Eileen G. Sullivan, Greek Letter Organizations: Communities of Learners? New Directions for Student Services 1998(81) (Spring 1998): 7-17. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 Michelle A. Finkel, Traumatic Injuries Caused By Hazing Practices American Journal of Emergency Medicine 20(3) (May 2002): 228–233. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
↑ Hank Nuwer, Wrongs of Passage: Fraternities, Sororities, Hazing, and Binge Drinking (Indiana University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0253214980).
↑ Stephen Sweet, College and Society: An Introduction to the Sociological Imagination (Pearson, 2001, ISBN 978-0205305568).
↑ Hazing Policy and Prevention The University of Arizona. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
↑ Michael D. Shonrock, Standards and Expectations for Greek Letter Organizations New Directions for Student Services 1998(81) (Spring 1998):79–85. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
↑ Anti-Hazing Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
↑ L. Martin Cobb and Michael McRee, Why We Should Close More Chapters Perspectives (Spring 2007): 4–8. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
↑ Hank Nuwer (ed.), The Hazing Reader (Indiana University Press, 2004, ISBN 0253216540).
↑ Cheryl E. Drout and Christie L. Corsoro, Attitudes toward fraternity hazing among fraternity members, sorority members, and non-Greek students Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal 31(6) (2003): 535-544. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
↑ Ronald Tipan, KU Leuven Student Died After Hazing Gets Out of Hand Veto, December 14, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
↑ 28 student clubs refuse to sign new hazing charter, "a real disgrace" says minister Flanders News, March 1, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
↑ Alexandra Serodio, Relação de Évora condena praxes violentas Jornal de Noticias. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
↑ Universidade paga indemnização por morte de aluno em praxe JN, September 27, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
↑ Organisers of 'hazing' event in DCU to attend respect and dignity training Irish Examiner, October 17, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
↑ Sean McCarthaigh, Top GAA stars at risk from binge drinking, study finds Irish Examiner, October 27, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
↑ Edmund Heaphy and Cormac Watson, Whipping, Secrecy and Coercion: Inside Boat Club’s Hazing Culture The University Times, January 29, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
↑ The Consequences of Dedovshchina, Human Rights Watch, October 2004. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
↑ Steven Lee Myers, Hazing Trial Bares a Dark Side of Russia's Military The New York Times, August 13, 2006. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
↑ Russia army suicides cause alarm BBC News, May 29, 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
↑ To Serve without Health? Human Rights Watch, November 2003. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
↑ Ragging can demolish a student - both mentally and physically FirstPost, August 21, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
↑ Amit Sen, Mohan Rao, Shekhar Seshadri, and Shobna Sonpar, Understanding ragging: Ahead of the academic season, a look at the problem, its impact|The Indian Express, August 2, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
↑ Anti-Ragging Helpline University Grants Commission. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
↑ ^42.0 ^42.1 ^42.2 The Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999 Government Central Press, Mumbai, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
↑ Nishikant Karlikar, College suspends medical students for 'ragging' The Times of India, September 30, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
↑ Jyoti Shelar, What does State's anti-ragging Act say? The Hindu, May 31, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
↑ Sukanya Shantha, Payal Tadvi Case: Chargesheet Reveals Months of Humiliation, Discrimination The Wire, July 25, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
↑ ^46.0 ^46.1 Curbing the menace of Ragging in Higher Educational Institutions (third amendment), Regulations, 2016. University Grants Commission, June 29, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
↑ P.H.A.N.S. Jayasena, Ragging in the University: A Problem in the Higher Education Institutions Proceedings of the Annual Research Sessions, University of Peradeniya 7 (October 30, 2004): 54. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
↑ Prohibition Of Ragging And Other Forms Of Violence In Educational Institutions Ministry of Justice - Sri Lanka. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
↑ Ragging in Sri Lankan Universities Student Sri Lanka, July 2, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2022.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Aman, Reinhold (ed.). Maledicta 12. Maledicta Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0916500320
Cialdini, Robert. Influence: Science and Practice. Allyn & Bacon, 2000. ISBN 978-0321011473
Nuwer, Hank. Wrongs of Passage: Fraternities, Sororities, Hazing, and Binge Drinking. Indiana University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0253214980
Nuwer, Hank (ed.). The Hazing Reader. Indiana University Press, 2004. ISBN 0253216540
Sweet, Stephen. College and Society: An Introduction to the Sociological Imagination. Pearson, 2001. ISBN 978-0205305568

External links

All links retrieved June 30, 2022.

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[1] Harvey Whitehouse and Jonathan A. Lanman, The Ties That Bind Us Current Anthropology 55(6) (2014): 674–695. Retrieved June 15, 2022.

[2] Caroline F. Keating, Jason Pomerantz, et al., Going to college and unpacking hazing: A functional approach to decrypting initiation practices among undergraduates Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 9(2) (2005): 104–126. Retrieved June 14, 2022.

[3] Robert Cialdini, Influence: Science and Practice (Allyn & Bacon, 2000, ISBN 978-0321011473).

[4] Elliot Aronson and Judson Mills, The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 59(2) (1959): 177–181. Retrieved June 14, 2022.

[5] Leon Festinger, The psychological effects of insufficient rewards American Psychologist 16(1) (1961): 1–11. Retrieved June 14, 2022.

[6] Caroline Kamau, What does being initiated severely into a group do? The role of rewards International Journal of Psychology 48(3) (2013): 399-406. Retrieved June 14, 2022.

[7] John M. Levine and Richard L. Moreland, Group Socialization: Theory and Research European Review of Social Psychology 5(1) (1994): 305-336. Retrieved June 14, 2022.

[VanRaalte-8] Judy L. Van Raalte, Allen E. Cornelius, Darwyn E. Linder, and Britton W. Brewer, The Relationship Between Hazing and Team Cohesion Journal of Sport Behavior, 30(4) (2007): 491–507. Retrieved June 23, 2022.

[Hollmann-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Barbara B. Hollmann, Hazing: Hidden campus crime New Directions for Student Services 2002(99) 2002:11-24. Retrieved June 23, 2022.

[10] Reinhold Aman (ed.), Maledicta 12 (Maledicta Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0916500320).

[Glavin-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Chris Glavin, Hazing Methods K12 Academics. Retrieved June 16, 2022.

[12] Emily Esfahani Smith, On fraternities & manliness The New Criterion, May 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2022.

[13] Elizabeth J. Allan and Mary Madden, Hazing in View: College Students at Risk Initial Findings from the National Study of Student Hazing National Study of Student Hazing, March 11, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2022.

[14] Lifeguards fired for hazing new squad members The Journal Times, July 18, 1997. Retrieved June 25, 2022.

[15] Eric S. Page, City Probes Alleged Nude Lifeguard Hazing Incident NBC San Diego, August 11, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2022.

[green-16] 16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 Henrique Tigo, Praxe Académica Portal RegiaoCentro.net. Retrieved June 25, 2022.

[17] Luke Harding, Russian army sold recruits for sex, rights group claims The Guardian, February 14, 2007. Retrieved June 28, 2022.

[18] Edward G. Whipple and Eileen G. Sullivan, Greek Letter Organizations: Communities of Learners? New Directions for Student Services 1998(81) (Spring 1998): 7-17. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

[Finkel-19] 19.0 ^19.1 Michelle A. Finkel, Traumatic Injuries Caused By Hazing Practices American Journal of Emergency Medicine 20(3) (May 2002): 228–233. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

[20] Hank Nuwer, Wrongs of Passage: Fraternities, Sororities, Hazing, and Binge Drinking (Indiana University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0253214980).

[21] Stephen Sweet, College and Society: An Introduction to the Sociological Imagination (Pearson, 2001, ISBN 978-0205305568).

[22] Hazing Policy and Prevention The University of Arizona. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

[23] Michael D. Shonrock, Standards and Expectations for Greek Letter Organizations New Directions for Student Services 1998(81) (Spring 1998):79–85. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

[24] Anti-Hazing Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

[25] L. Martin Cobb and Michael McRee, Why We Should Close More Chapters Perspectives (Spring 2007): 4–8. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

[26] Hank Nuwer (ed.), The Hazing Reader (Indiana University Press, 2004, ISBN 0253216540).

[27] Cheryl E. Drout and Christie L. Corsoro, Attitudes toward fraternity hazing among fraternity members, sorority members, and non-Greek students Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal 31(6) (2003): 535-544. Retrieved June 25, 2022.

[28] Ronald Tipan, KU Leuven Student Died After Hazing Gets Out of Hand Veto, December 14, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

[29] 28 student clubs refuse to sign new hazing charter, "a real disgrace" says minister Flanders News, March 1, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

[30] Alexandra Serodio, Relação de Évora condena praxes violentas Jornal de Noticias. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

[31] Universidade paga indemnização por morte de aluno em praxe JN, September 27, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

[32] Organisers of 'hazing' event in DCU to attend respect and dignity training Irish Examiner, October 17, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2022.

[33] Sean McCarthaigh, Top GAA stars at risk from binge drinking, study finds Irish Examiner, October 27, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2022.

[34] Edmund Heaphy and Cormac Watson, Whipping, Secrecy and Coercion: Inside Boat Club’s Hazing Culture The University Times, January 29, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

[35] The Consequences of Dedovshchina, Human Rights Watch, October 2004. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

[nyt-36] Steven Lee Myers, Hazing Trial Bares a Dark Side of Russia's Military The New York Times, August 13, 2006. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

[37] Russia army suicides cause alarm BBC News, May 29, 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

[38] To Serve without Health? Human Rights Watch, November 2003. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

[39] Ragging can demolish a student - both mentally and physically FirstPost, August 21, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2022.

[40] Amit Sen, Mohan Rao, Shekhar Seshadri, and Shobna Sonpar, Understanding ragging: Ahead of the academic season, a look at the problem, its impact|The Indian Express, August 2, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2022.

[41] Anti-Ragging Helpline University Grants Commission. Retrieved June 30, 2022.

[Maharashtra-42] 42.0 ^42.1 ^42.2 The Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999 Government Central Press, Mumbai, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2022.

[43] Nishikant Karlikar, College suspends medical students for 'ragging' The Times of India, September 30, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2022.

[Shelar-44] Jyoti Shelar, What does State's anti-ragging Act say? The Hindu, May 31, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2022.

[45] Sukanya Shantha, Payal Tadvi Case: Chargesheet Reveals Months of Humiliation, Discrimination The Wire, July 25, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2022.

[UGC2016-46] 46.0 ^46.1 Curbing the menace of Ragging in Higher Educational Institutions (third amendment), Regulations, 2016. University Grants Commission, June 29, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2022.

[47] P.H.A.N.S. Jayasena, Ragging in the University: A Problem in the Higher Education Institutions Proceedings of the Annual Research Sessions, University of Peradeniya 7 (October 30, 2004): 54. Retrieved June 30, 2022.

[48] Prohibition Of Ragging And Other Forms Of Violence In Educational Institutions Ministry of Justice - Sri Lanka. Retrieved June 30, 2022.

[49] Ragging in Sri Lankan Universities Student Sri Lanka, July 2, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2022.

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+{{Images OK}}{{Submitted}}{{Approved}}{{Copyedited}}
+[[File:1922 Cover of College Humor Magazine.jpg|thumb|300px|Paddling depicted on 1922 cover of ''College Humor'' magazine]]
+'''Hazing''' refers to any activity expected of someone in joining or participating in a group that humiliates, degrades, abuses, or endangers them regardless of a person's willingness to participate.
-[[File:Bizutage pilote gazelle.jpg|thumb|Hazing of [[French military]] pilot at 1,000 hours flight time]]
+Hazing is seen in many different types of social groups, including [[gang]]s, [[Team sport|sports teams]], [[school]]s, [[clique]]s, [[universities]], [[military unit]]s, [[prison]]s and [[fraternities and sororities]]. The [[initiation]] rites can range from relatively benign pranks to protracted patterns of behavior that rise to the level of [[criminal]] misconduct. In the most extreme, hazing has had fatal consequences.
-'''Hazing''' ([[American English]]), '''initiation'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Jamie |last2=Johnstone |first2=James |last3=Banks |first3=Curt |date=2018 |title=An examination of initiation rituals in a UK sporting institution and the impact on group development |journal=European Sport Management Quarterly |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=544–562 |doi=10.1080/16184742.2018.1439984|s2cid=149352680 }}</ref> ([[British English]]), '''bastardisation''' ([[Australian English]]), '''[[ragging]]''' ([[South Asian English]]) or '''[[Deposition (university)|deposition]]''' refers to any activity expected of someone in joining or participating in a group that humiliates, degrades, abuses, or endangers them regardless of a person's willingness to participate.<ref name=":0" />
+{{toc}}
+While the hazing experience is intended to increase commitment by new members, both to the other members and the purpose of the group, the abusive actions have led to numerous complaints and efforts to curtail the practice. In fact, hazing is often prohibited by [[Law]] or by institutions such as colleges and universities because it may include either [[physical abuse|physical]] or [[psychological abuse]]. However, due to the secretive nature of the initiation activities in many groups, and the senior members' unwillingness to forego the opportunity to be the perpetrators of acts similar to those they were victims of, this has been difficult to enforce.
-Hazing is seen in many different types of social groups, including [[gang]]s, [[Team sport|sports teams]], [[school]]s, [[clique]]s, [[universities]], [[military unit]]s, [[prison]]s and [[fraternities and sororities]]. The initiation rites can range from relatively benign pranks to protracted patterns of behavior that rise to the level of abuse or criminal misconduct.<ref name="foley">{{cite web|last1=Murphy|first1=Martin|title=Independent investigation report – Sexual Abuse at St. George's School and the School's Response: 1970 to 2015|url=http://www.foleyhoag.com/publications/ebooks-and-white-papers/2016/september/sexual-abuse-at-sgs|access-date=9 November 2016|website=www.foleyhoag.com|publisher=Report of Independent Investigator Martin F. Murphy, Foley Hoag LLP}}</ref> Hazing is often prohibited by [[Law]] or institutions such as colleges and universities because it may include either [[physical abuse|physical]] or [[psychological abuse]], such as [[humiliation]], [[nudity]], or [[sexual abuse]].
+==Psychology, sociology, purpose and effects==
-==Terms==
 {{See also|Initiation|Rite of passage}}
+The practice of ritual abuse among social groups is not clearly understood. This is partly due to the secretive nature of the activities, especially within collegiate fraternities and sororities, and in part a result of long-term acceptance of hazing. Thus, it has been difficult for researchers to agree on the underlying social and psychological mechanisms that perpetuate hazing.
-In some languages, terms with a religious theme or etymology are preferred, such as [[baptism]] or [[purgatory]] (e.g. {{lang|fr|[[w:fr:Baptême (folklore étudiant)|baptême]]}} in Belgian French, {{lang|nl|doop}} in Belgian Dutch, {{lang|pl|chrzciny}} in Polish) or variations on a theme of [[naïve]]té and the [[rite of passage]] such as a derivation from a term for freshman, for example {{lang|fr|[[w:fr:bizutage|bizutage]]}} in European French, {{lang|nl|ontgroening}} ("de-[[wikt:greenhorn|green[horn]]]ing") in Dutch and Afrikaans (South Africa and Namibia), {{lang|es|novatada}} in Spanish, from {{lang|es|novato}}, meaning newcomer or rookie or a combination of both, such as in the [[Finland|Finnish]] {{lang|fi|mopokaste}} (literally "moped baptism", "moped" being the nickname for newcomers, stemming from the concept that they would be forced to drive a child's bicycle or tricycle){{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}. In [[Latvia]]n, the word {{lang|lv|iesvētības}}, which literally means "in-blessings", is used, also standing for religious rites of passage, especially [[confirmation]]. In [[Sweden|Swedish]], the term used is {{lang|se|nollning}}, literally "zeroing".<ref>{{cite news|title=Swedish Student Initiation Rituals Are No Big Deal|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/kwnzba/group-humiliation-great-for-making-friends|access-date=29 Nov 2020}}</ref> In Portugal, the term {{lang|pt|[[praxe]]}}, which literally means "practice" or "habit", is used for initiation. In Brazil, it is called {{lang|pt|trote}} and is usually practiced at universities by older students ({{lang|pt|doutores}} and {{lang|pt|veteranos}}) against newcomers ({{lang|pt|calouros}}) in the first week of their first semester. In the [[Italy|Italian]] military, instead, the term used was {{lang|it|nonnismo}}, from {{lang|it|nonno}} (literally "grandfather"), a jargon term used for the soldiers who had already served for most of their draft period. A similar equivalent term exists in the [[Russian military]], where a hazing phenomenon known as {{lang|ru-Latn|[[dedovshchina]]}} ({{lang|ru|дедовщи́на}}) exists, meaning roughly "grandfather" or the slang term "gramps" (referring to the senior corps of soldiers in their final year of [[conscription]]). At education establishments in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, this practice involves existing students baiting new students and is called [[ragging]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}. In Polish schools, hazing is known as {{lang|pl|kocenie}} (literally ''catting'', coming from the noun {{lang|pl|kot}} cat){{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}. It often features cat-related activities, like competitive milk drinking {{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}. Other popular tasks include measuring a long distance (i.e. hallways) with matches. Less loaded names for hazing are {{lang|pl|otrzęsiny}} (related to the verb {{lang|pl|otrząsać}} get over, rally but also shake off/out—as being a novice is a negative state that should be quit) and {{lang|pl|chrzciny}} mentioned above.
+[[Initiation]] rituals, such as those employed in hazing, have been theorized to lead to the development of social cohesion though [[group identification]] and [[identity fusion]].<ref>Harvey Whitehouse and Jonathan A. Lanman, [https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/the-ties-that-bind-us-ritual-fusion-and-identification The Ties That Bind Us] ''Current Anthropology'' 55(6) (2014): 674–695. Retrieved June 15, 2022.</ref> As well as group attraction, hazing initiations can also produce [[conformity]] among new members.<ref>Caroline F. Keating, Jason Pomerantz, et al., [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2005-07159-004 Going to college and unpacking hazing: A functional approach to decrypting initiation practices among undergraduates] ''Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice'' 9(2) (2005): 104–126. Retrieved June 14, 2022. </ref>
-Hazings are sometimes concentrated in a single session, which may be called a ''[[hell]] night'',<ref>{{cite news|title=The military's hazing hell|url=https://www.salon.com/2004/06/04/carol_burke|access-date=29 Nov 2020}}</ref> prolonged to a ''hell week'', or over a long period, resembling [[fagging]]. When done on a persons birthday, it can be called [[birthday spanking]] {{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}.
-==Hazing in Greek letter organizations==
-Hazing in Greek letter organizations is defined as any act or set of acts that constitutes [[hazing]] and occurs in connection to a [[Fraternities and sororities in North America|fraternity or sorority]].
-Hazing is often cited as one of the most harmful aspects of fraternities and sororities and poses a major threat to their existence, drawing great criticism from educators and administrators.<ref>{{Harv|Whipple|Sullivan|1998}}</ref> As fraternities and sororities are very diverse in their structures, regulations, governing entities, and memberships, and as hazing can take on many forms, the issue of hazing within these organizations is complex and multifaceted.
-While most educational institutions include [[hazing]] in their disciplinary procedures, definitions of hazing can vary substantially.<ref>{{Harv|Hollmann|2002}}</ref>
-The Fraternal Information & Programming Group (FIPG) defines hazing activities as:<ref>{{cite web | title = FIPG Risk Management Policy | publisher = Fraternal Information & Programming Group | date = July 2008 | url = http://www.fipg.org/FIPG/FIPG.nsf/835fe7d91217664d8525723c007a7545/9c0d3c4d4ca5614e8525734b007b08a4/$FILE/FIPG%20Policy%20July%202008.pdf | access-date = 27 May 2009}}</ref>
-<blockquote>
-Any action taken or situation created, intentionally, whether on or off fraternity premises, to produce mental or physical discomfort, embarrassment, harassment, or ridicule.  Such activities may include but are not limited to the following:  use of alcohol, paddling in any form, creation of excessive fatigue, physical and psychological shocks, quests, treasure hunts, scavenger hunts, road trips or any other such activities carried on outside or inside of the confines of the chapter house; wearing of public apparel which is conspicuous and not normally in good taste, engaging in public stunts and buffoonery, morally degrading or humiliating games and activities, and other activities which are not consistent with academic achievement, fraternal law, ritual or policy or the regulations and policies of the educational institution or applicable state law.
-</blockquote>
-Hazing is a crime in 44 states.<ref name=laws>{{cite web | title = State Anti-Hazing Laws | work = StopHazing.org: Educating to Eliminate Hazing | url = http://www.stophazing.org/laws.html | access-date = 26 May 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090422161349/http://www.stophazing.org/laws.html | archive-date = 22 April 2009 }}</ref> For example, the Arizona Revised Statutes provides the following definition:<ref>[http://www.azleg.state.az.us/ars/13/03107.htm 15-2301 - Hazing prevention policies; definitions]</ref>
-<blockquote>
-"Hazing" means any intentional, knowing or reckless act committed by a student, whether individually or in concert with other persons, against another student, and in which both of the following apply:
-(a) The act was committed in connection with an initiation into, an affiliation with or the maintenance of membership in any organization that is affiliated with an educational institution.
-(b) The act contributes to a substantial risk of potential physical injury, mental harm or degradation or causes physical injury, mental harm or personal degradation.
-</blockquote>
-Generally, institutions of higher education will have their own definitions of hazing, though they may closely mirror definitions found in their respective state statutes. For example, the [[University of Arizona]] provides the following definition of hazing in its "University of Arizona Hazing Policy", revised October 25, 2001:<ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Arizona Hazing Policy|url=http://web.arizona.edu/~policy/Hazing.pdf|access-date=31 May 2009|date=25 October 2001|publisher=University of Arizona Dean of Student’s Office|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616190132/http://web.arizona.edu/~policy/Hazing.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2010}}</ref>
-<blockquote>
-"Hazing" means any intentional, knowing or reckless act committed by a student, whether individually or in concert with other persons, against another student, and in which both of the following apply:
-(a) The act was committed in connection with an initiation into, an affiliation with or the maintenance of membership in any organization that is affiliated with the University.
-(b) The act contributes to a substantial risk of potential physical injury, mental harm or degradation or causes physical injury, mental harm or personal degradation.
-</blockquote>
-Note that the University of Arizona’s definition of hazing is virtually identical to the definition outlined in the Arizona Revised Statutes.
-The current [[North American Interfraternity Conference]] (NIC) definition of hazing also includes anything that could turn into hazing. This is the reason that many potentially innocent activities, such as a scavenger hunt, are included under hazing; they could start out as perfectly legal events, but could easily be modified to include some activity that could make it hazing (ex. stealing some of the items on the list or adding heavy drinking before or during). Requiring candidates, or even members as there is "brother on brother hazing", to attend events or be at a certain place at a certain time is also hazing. Many also consider the use of the term 'pledge' to be hazing. Things like physical activity will be condoned if there are fraters that are in the [[US Army]] or other armed forces present, whereas if those members weren't there it would be considered hazing.(Godwin, 2012)
-===Problems in the quantitative analysis===
-Due to the nature of hazing, the secretive nature of Greek letter organizations, and the fear of negative repercussions, hazing is largely underreported. Most, if not all, hazing activities take place either during pledge (or “interest”) activities or rituals, which are almost always secretive. Additionally, since many Greek letter organizations, such as those governed by the [[National Pan-Hellenic Council]] (NPHC) and the [[National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations]] (NALFO), prohibit their pledges (also known as “interests” or “new members”) from revealing their association with their organization until they have been initiated, it becomes increasingly difficult for institutions to reach out to members in anti-hazing efforts. It also becomes virtually impossible for these pledges or interests to reach out for help, especially if they wish to remain members, pledges, or interests of their organizations. However, Cheryl Drout and Christie Corsoro of State University of New York at Fredonia state, "Hazing, which is officially banned by all national Greek organizations, frequently comes to the public’s attention through the popular news media when the activities become fatal” (Drout & Corsoro, 2003). Unfortunately for multitudes of members of Greek organizations, “Sororities and fraternities have come to be synonymous with elitism, sexual assault, high-risk hazing (initiation ceremonies) and other bad behavior on American university campuses” (Marcus, 2007).
-Fraternities and sororities are commonly associated with [[paddle (spanking)|paddling]] of members, especially new members or pledges, as part of their hazing rituals.<ref>Smith, Emily E.[http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/brooklyn/frat_treated_student_to_badly_his_cv2oyewTIJtQF6XdIjNCDK#ixzz1KJ2MySsR "Frat treated student so badly that 'his life may be ruined': suit"]. ''[[New York Post]]'', April 22, 2011.</ref>
-===Responses to hazing===
+Hazing supposedly serves a deliberate purpose of building [[solidarity]]. Psychologist [[Robert Cialdini]] uses the framework of consistency and commitment to explain the phenomenon of hazing and the vigor and zeal to which practitioners of hazing persist in and defend these activities even when they are made illegal.<ref>Robert Cialdini, ''Influence: Science and Practice'' (Allyn & Bacon, 2000, ISBN 978-0321011473).</ref> Studies of hazing in college [[fraternities and sororities]], suggest that severe initiations produce [[cognitive dissonance]].<ref>Elliot Aronson and Judson Mills, [https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fh0047195 The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group] ''Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology'' 59(2) (1959): 177–181. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> Dissonance is then thought to produce feelings of strong group [[Interpersonal attraction|attraction]] among initiates after the experience, because they want to justify the effort expended.<ref>Leon Festinger, [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1962-02261-001 The psychological effects of insufficient rewards] ''American Psychologist'' 16(1) (1961): 1–11. Retrieved June 14, 2022. </ref>
-Many educational institutions have developed anti-hazing programs, which encourage alternatives to hazing through the planning of purposeful activities, inform students of how to take action and avoid being a [[Bystander effect|bystander]], and provide clear consequences for those students and/or organizations who violate hazing policies {{Harv|Hollmann|2002}}. Additionally, hazing has become a central focus of programs designed to help Greek letter organizations become more value congruent through institutionalized standards and expectations {{Harv|Shonrock|1998}}.
-Attempts at preventing hazing have also targeted Greek letter organizations at the national level. {{Harvtxt|Cobb|McRee|2007}} note the important role of culture change within the North American fraternity and sorority movement and even encourage the closure of chapters that consistently partake in illegal and risky activities and pose threats to their local and university communities. {{Harvtxt|DeSousa|Gordon|Kimbrough|2004}} propose the creation of a recognized pledge program in which national fraternity and sorority leaders participate, under the recognized supervision of university officials, as well as the yearly evaluation of fraternities and sororities to determine their eligibility for continued recognition and sponsorship. Again, such a proposal is difficult since many NPHC and NALFO organizations, not to mention other organizations not governed by these umbrella organizations, keep their pledge, interest, or new member programs completely secretive.
+On the other hand, [[Reward system|rewards]] during mild initiations have important consequences in that initiates who feel more rewarded express stronger group identity: A reward led to higher group identity than no reward. ... Interestingly, a mild initiation followed by a reward led to more group identity than a severe initiation followed by a reward.<ref>Caroline Kamau, [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207594.2012.663957 What does being initiated severely into a group do? The role of rewards] ''International Journal of Psychology'' 48(3) (2013): 399-406. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> Such findings support the idea of group socialization proposed by Levine and Moreland in which the relationship between the individual and the group "is assumed to change in systematic ways over time and both parties are viewed as active social influence agents."<ref>John M. Levine and Richard L. Moreland, [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14792779543000093 Group Socialization: Theory and Research] ''European Review of Social Psychology'' 5(1) (1994): 305-336. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref>
-Greek letter organizations have themselves taken measures to prevent hazing within their member chapters. As such, individual national organizations have taken various measures to ensure the safety of members with regard to hazing. The [[National Panhellenic Conference]], which governs 26 national and international women’s sororities, includes sanctions against both individuals and groups ranging from member/chapter probation to expulsion of offending members or revocation of the chapter’s charter.<ref>{{cite web | title = Frequently Asked Questions About Hazing | publisher = National Panhellenic Council | url = https://www.npcwomen.org/resources/pdf/FAQ-About%20Hazing.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140408041425/https://www.npcwomen.org/resources/pdf/FAQ-About%20Hazing.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 8 April 2014 | access-date = 16 July 2015 }}</ref> The organization also runs an anti-hazing hotline for anonymous incident reporting.
+There are several psychological effects that both the hazer and hazee endure throughout the hazing process. Hazing can result in some positive outcomes: During the hazing process, a bond between the two parties (the hazer and the hazee) grows.<ref name=VanRaalte> Judy L. Van Raalte, Allen E. Cornelius, Darwyn E. Linder, and Britton W. Brewer, [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-17885-007 The Relationship Between Hazing and Team Cohesion] ''Journal of Sport Behavior'', 30(4) (2007): 491–507. Retrieved June 23, 2022.</ref> Many people view hazing as an effective way to teach respect and develop discipline and loyalty within the group, and believe that hazing is a necessary component of initiation rites.<ref name=Hollmann>Barbara B. Hollmann, [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ss.57 Hazing: Hidden campus crime] ''New Directions for Student Services'' 2002(99) 2002:11-24. Retrieved June 23, 2022. </ref>
-Similarly, the North American Interfraternity Conference released a resolution<ref>{{cite web | title = NIC Resolutions | publisher = North-American Interfraternity Conference, Inc. | url = http://www.nicindy.org/nic-resolutions1.html | access-date = 16 July 2015}}</ref> condemning the practice. In 2010, NIC CEO and President Peter Smithhisler derided the use of hazing as a means of building comradery:<ref>{{cite web | title = Can Hazing Be Stopped? | website = Inside Higher Ed | url =  https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2010/11/24/hazing | access-date = 19 July 2015}}</ref>
+In military circles hazing is sometimes assumed to test recruits under situations of stress and hostility. Although in no way a recreation of combat, hazing does put people into stressful situations that they are unable to control, which allegedly should weed out the weaker members prior to being put in situations where failure to perform will cost lives. The problem with this approach, according to opponents, is that the stress and hostility comes from ''inside'' the group, and not from ''outside'' as in actual combat situation, creating suspicion and distrust towards the superiors and comrades-in-arms.
-<blockquote>
-“The intention of the hazer is to create unity, to create trust, to establish a person’s commitment to the organization,” he said. “But in reality, what he is doing is creating a bond among the hazees while eliminating the trust between hazer and hazee, ultimately breaking down the bond of brotherhood.”
-</blockquote>
-Additionally, there are individual national Greek Letter Organizations taking the initiative against activities related to hazing. For example, in 2012<ref>{{cite web | title = Phi Beta Sigma General Board Mandates All Chapters Conduct Anti-Hazing Workshops | publisher = Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. | url = http://www.phibetasigma1914.org/anti-hazing/ | access-date = 20 July 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150724072701/http://www.phibetasigma1914.org/anti-hazing/ | archive-date = 24 July 2015 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Phi Beta Sigma fraternity adopted an anti-hazing campaign to eradicate hazing practices in its individual chapters, providing numerous support resources to effectively combat the practice.
-===Fraternity hazing characteristics===
-In an article by Hank Nuwer, a professor of journalism and an author of books on hazing, he compared the hazing rituals of fraternities to [[cult]]s. Nuwer talks about the aspects of hazing that make the pledge keep coming back to the fraternity and the ramifications of dropping out. Nuwer consulted with a professor in psychology, [[Margaret Thaler Singer]], to get a better understanding of the characteristics of cults to relate those behaviors with fraternity hazing. Nuwer believes that hazing, along with a cult, is a “’systematic’ manipulation and coercion to effect ‘psychological and social influence’” (Nuwer, B7). The first aspect Nuwer wrote about was “’enforced dependency’” (Nuwer, B7). He talked about how the hazing process where fraternities make their pledges stay at the house the whole time, keeping them sleep deprived and cutting them off from daily activities makes them dependent on their fraternity. Even though the "pledges" may fall behind in school or lose friends outside of their fraternity, the fraternity convinces the pledge that after the hazing ceases, it will all be worth it. This reassurance keeps the pledges coming back, reliant on the people who are hazing them; relating to the next aspect of "family" (Nuwer, B7). Fraternities continually tell their pledges they are joining a family. This aspect appeals to most college freshman that are having a hard time making friends in a different environment. Last, Nuwer discussed how fraternities "make it hard for their members to leave" (Nuwer, B7). He says that those who decide not to join after being hazed have already given up so much for the fraternity that they feel alone and may even experience [[post-traumatic stress]]. Nuwer gives solutions to hazing in fraternities including stronger consequences for those involved in the hazing and that colleges should become more intertwined with the Greek letter community to learn about hazing and to stop it.<ref>Nuwer</ref>
-In "On Fraternities & Manliness", an article on the motivations for hazing,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Smith|2015}}</ref> Emily Smith states that such actions come from a desire to prove a state of "manliness." Hazing practices in fraternity life began to appear shortly after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. Veterans brought the hazing practices of their battalions back with them, adopting such activities into fraternity life. The purpose of hazing was perceived as a way of providing young males an outlet to prove their manliness through rites and trials, showing themselves to be men and not boys. Other hazing practices served to put an individual in his place, reducing his sense of personal omnipotence to "subsume his individuality into something larger and better than himself" (Smith, 2015).
-===In popular culture===
-The 1977 film ''[[Fraternity Row (film)|Fraternity Row]]'', set in the 1950s, deals with the subject of hazing at a college fraternity, depicting a number of such practices and culminating with [[Gregory Harrison]] as a victim of a hazing ritual that inadvertently takes a fatal turn.
-The 2016 film ''[[Goat (2016 film)|Goat]]'' is based on the book ''Goat: A Memoir'' by Brad Land,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.randomhousebooks.com/books/97455/|title=Goat (Movie Tie-in Edition). A Memoir. Brad Land.|website=[[Random House]]|access-date=August 24, 2018}}</ref> described as a "searing memoir of fraternity culture and the perils of hazing provides an unprecedented window into the emotional landscape of young men."
-The 2017 film ''[[Burning Sands (2017 film)|Burning Sands]]'' is a story about five students pledging a historically black fraternity at a [[historically black college]].
 ==Methods==
-Hazing activities can involve forms of ridicule and humiliation within the group or in public, while other hazing incidents are akin to pranks. A [[snipe hunt]] is such a prank, when a newcomer or credulous person is given an impossible task. Examples of snipe hunts include being sent to find a tin of Tartan paint, or a "dough repair kit" in a bakery,<ref>Aman, Reinhold (1996). ''Maledicta'', Volume 12. Maledicta Press. p. 11.</ref> while in the early 1900s rookies in the Canadian military were ordered to obtain a "brass magnet" when [[brass]] is not [[ferromagnetism|magnetic]].<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuEfAQAAMAAJ The Electrical Journal]''. Benn Bros. 1916. p. 51. Retrieved 27 July 2013.</ref>
+Traditionally, [[college]] [[fraternities and sororities]] conduct initiation rituals known as hazing for potential new members ("Pledges"). Hazing activities can involve forms of ridicule and humiliation within the group or in public, while other hazing incidents are akin to pranks. A "[[snipe hunt]]" is such a prank, when a newcomer or credulous person is given an impossible task, such as being sent to find a tin of Tartan paint, or a "dough repair kit" in a bakery.<ref> Reinhold Aman (ed.), ''Maledicta 12'' (Maledicta Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0916500320).</ref>
-Spanking is done mainly in the form of [[Paddle (spanking)|paddling]] among fraternities, sororities and similar clubs, sometimes over a lap, a knee, furniture or a pillow, but mostly with the victim "assuming the position", i.e., simply bending over forward.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} A variation of this (also as punishment) is [[trading licks]]. This practice is also used in the military.<ref name="Glavin">{{Cite web |last=Glavin |first=Chris |date=2018-09-27 |title=Hazing Methods {{!}} K12 Academics |url=https://www.k12academics.com/education-issues/hazing/methods |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=www.k12academics.com |language=en}}</ref> Alternative modes (including bare-buttock paddling, strapping and switching, as well as mock forms of antiquated forms of [[physical punishment]]s such as [[stocks]], walking the plank and [[running the gauntlet]]) have been reported.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} [[File:1922 Cover of College Humor Magazine.jpg|thumb|Paddling depicted on 1922 cover of [[College Humor (magazine)|College Humor magazine]].]]
+Spanking may be involved, mainly in the form of [[Paddle (spanking)|paddling]], sometimes over a lap, a knee, furniture, or a pillow. A variation of this (also as punishment) is trading licks. This practice is also used in the military.<ref name=Glavin>Chris Glavin, [https://www.k12academics.com/education-issues/hazing/methods Hazing Methods] ''K12 Academics''. Retrieved June 16, 2022.</ref>
-The hazee may be humiliated by being hosed or by sprinkler or buckets; covered with dirt or with (sometimes rotten) food, even urinated upon. Olive or [[Baby Oil|baby oil]] may be used to "show off" the bare skin, for wrestling or just slipperiness, e.g., to complicate pole climbing. Cleaning may be limited to a dive into water, hosing down or even paddling the worst off. They may have to do tedious cleaning including swabbing the decks or cleaning the toilets with a toothbrush. In fraternities, pledges often must clean up a mess intentionally made by brothers which can include fecal matter, urine, and dead animals.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Giménez|first1=Mar|title=Descriptions|url=https://hazing.cornell.edu/cms/hazing/incidents/descriptions.cfm|website=Cornell University|access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref>
+Submission to senior members of the group is common, often with meaningless tests of obedience such as waiting on others (as at fraternity parties) or various other forms of housework. In some cases, the hazee may be made to eat raw eggs, peppers, hot sauce, or drink too much alcohol. Some hazing even includes eating or drinking vile things such as bugs or rotting food.<ref name=Glavin/>
-Servitude such as waiting on others (as at fraternity parties) or various other forms of housework, often with tests of obedience. In some cases, the hazee may be made to eat raw eggs, peppers, hot sauce, or drink too much alcohol. Some hazing even includes eating or drinking vile things such as bugs or rotting food.<ref name="Glavin"/>
+The hazee may have to wear an imposed piece of clothing, outfit, item or something else worn by the victim in a way that would bring negative attention to the wearer. Examples include a uniform (such as a [[toga]]); a leash or collar; infantile and other humiliating dress and attire; and partial (or possibly complete) nudity.<ref name=Glavin/>
-The hazee may have to wear an imposed piece of clothing, outfit, item or something else worn by the victim in a way that would bring negative attention to the wearer. Examples include a uniform (e.g. [[toga]]); a leash or collar (also associated with [[Bondage (BDSM)|bondage]]); infantile and other humiliating dress and attire.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rahman|first= Mohammed|work= SportsGrid|url=http://www.sportsgrid.com/media/high-school-cheerleaders-hazing-ritual-includes-wearing-diapers-getting-hit-with-hot-dogs/|title=High School Cheerleaders' Hazing Ritual Includes Wearing Diapers, Getting Hit With Hot Dogs|date=27 May 2011|access-date= 27 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/social_issues/july-dec12/hazing_09-21.html |title=For Perpetrators and Victims, Suppressing Temptation of College Hazing Rituals|newspaper=[[PBS]]|date= September 21, 2012|access-date= 27 May 2013|first=Judy|last=Woodruff}}</ref>
-Markings may also be made on clothing or bare skin. They are painted, written, tattooed or shaved on, sometimes collectively forming a message (one letter, syllable or word on each pledge) or may receive [[tarring and feathering]] (or rather a mock version using some glue) or [[Human branding|branding]].{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
-Submission to senior members of the group is common. Abject "etiquette" required of pledges or subordinates may include prostration, kneeling, literal groveling, and kissing body parts.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Giménez|first1=Mar|title=Hidden harm|url=http://hazingprevention.org/home/hazing/hidden-harm/|website=Hazing Prevention|access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref>
-Other physical feats may be required, such as [[calisthenics]] and other physical tests, such as [[mud wrestling]], forming a [[human pyramid]], or climbing a greased pole. Exposure to the elements may be required, such as swimming or diving in cold water or snow.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
-Orientation tests may be held, such as abandoning pledges without transport. Dares include jumping from some height, stealing from police or rival teams and obedience.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} [[Blood wings|Blood pinning]] among military aviators (and many other elite groups) to celebrate becoming new pilots is done by piercing their chests with the sharp pins of aviator wings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BLOOD-PINNING HELPS THE MILITARY DO ITS JOB |url=https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/ROA-Times/issues/1997/rt9703/970311/03110055.htm |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=scholar.lib.vt.edu}}</ref>
-On a pilot's [[first solo flight]], they are often drenched with water, as well as having the back of their shirt cut off to celebrate the achievement. Cutting off the back of the shirt originates from the days of tandem trainers, where the instructor sat behind the student and tugged on the back of their shirt in order to get their attention. Cutting off the back of the shirt symbolizes that the instructor has no need to do that anymore.<ref>Marchado, Rod, "First Solo Flight", Microsoft Flight Simulator X</ref>
-On their first ''[[crossing the equator]]'' in military and commercial navigation, each "pollywog" is subjected to a series of tests usually including running or crawling a gauntlet of abuse and various scenes supposedly situated at King Neptune's court. A ''pledge auction'' is a variation on the [[slave auction (BDSM)|slave auction]], where people bid on the paraded pledges.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
-Hazing also occurs for apprentices in some trades. In printing, it consists of applying bronze blue to the apprentice's [[penis]] and [[testicles]], a color made by mixing black printers ink and dark blue printers ink, which takes a long time to wash off. Similarly, mechanics get their groins smeared with old dirty grease.{{citation needed|date=February 2011}}
-Hazing by women of their suitors, often assisted by the women's friends, can also play a role in budding romantic relationships, usually taking mental and psychological rather than physical forms, and apparently for the same basic purposes as other hazing.
-==Psychology, sociology, purpose and effects==
-Hazing supposedly serves a deliberate purpose of building [[solidarity]]. Psychologist [[Robert Cialdini]] uses the framework of consistency and commitment to explain the phenomenon of hazing and the vigor and zeal to which practitioners of hazing persist in and defend these activities even when they are made illegal.<ref>{{cite book|first=Robert |last=Cialdini|title=Influence: Science and Practice|edition= 4|publisher=Allyn & Bacon|year= 2001|pages= 76–78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRkxsDq8CgAC|isbn=9780321011473}}</ref> Cialdini cites a 1959 study in which the researchers observed that "persons who go through a great deal of trouble or pain to attain something tend to value it more highly than persons who attain the same thing with a minimum of effort".<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://faculty.uncfsu.edu/tvancantfort/Syllabi/Gresearch/Readings/A_Aronson.pdf |first1=Elliott |last1=Aronson |first2=Judson |last2=Mills |title=The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group |journal=Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology |volume=59 |issue=2 |year=1959 |pages=177–181 |doi=10.1037/h0047195|citeseerx=10.1.1.368.1481 }}</ref> The 1959 study shaped the development of [[cognitive dissonance]] theory by [[Leon Festinger]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Festinger |first=L. |year=1961 |title=The psychological effects of insufficient rewards |journal=American Psychologist |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1037/h0045112}}</ref>
-There are several psychological effects that both the hazer and hazee endure throughout the hazing process. In an article published by Raalte, Cornelius, Linder, and Brewer, the researchers used sports teams as the subject of their study. The authors suggest that hazing can result in some positive outcomes. During the hazing process, a bond between the two parties (the hazer and the hazee) grew.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://search.proquest.com/openview/c04784820dceba18dd09a1862c81c9d9/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=30153|title=The Relationship Between Hazing and Team Cohesion - ProQuest|website=search.proquest.com|access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref> Many people view hazing as an effective way to teach respect and develop discipline and loyalty within the group, and believe that hazing is a necessary component of initiation rites.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hollmann|first=B. B. |year=2002|title=Hazing: Hidden campus crime|journal= New Directions for Student Services|volume= 2002 |issue= 99 |pages= 11–24|doi= 10.1002/ss.57}}</ref> Hazing can be used as a way to engender conformity within a social group, something that can be seen in many sociological studies.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} Moreover, initiation [[ritual]]s when managed effectively can serve to build team cohesion and improve team performance,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=Jamie|last2=Johnstone|first2=James|last3=Banks|first3=Curt|date=2018|title=An examination of initiation rituals in a UK sporting institution and the impact on group development|journal=European Sport Management Quarterly|volume=18|issue=5|pages=544–562|doi=10.1080/16184742.2018.1439984|s2cid=149352680}}</ref> while negative and detrimental forms of hazing alienate and disparage individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Crow|first1=Brian|last2=Macintosh|first2=Eric|date=2009|title=Conceptualizing a Meaningful Definition of Hazing in Sport|journal=European Sport Management Quarterly|volume=9|issue=4|pages=433–451|doi=10.1080/16184740903331937|s2cid=144792475}}</ref>
-Dissonance can produce feelings of group [[Interpersonal attraction|attraction]] or [[social identity]] among initiates after the hazing experience because they want to justify the effort used. [[Reward system|Rewards]] during initiations or hazing rituals matter in that initiates who feel more rewarded express stronger group identity.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kamau |first=C. |year=2013 |title=What does being initiated severely into a group do? The role of rewards |journal=International Journal of Psychology |volume=48 |issue= 3|pages=399–406 |doi=10.1080/00207594.2012.663957 |pmid=22512542 }}</ref> As well as increasing group attraction, hazing can produce [[conformity]] among new members.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Keating |first1=C. F. |last2=Pomerantz |first2=J. |last3=Pommer |first3=S. D. |last4=Ritt |first4=S. J. H. |last5=Miller |first5=L. M. |last6=McCormick |first6=J. |year=2005 |title=Going to college and unpacking hazing: A functional approach to decrypting initiation practices among undergraduates |journal=Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=104–126 |doi=10.1037/1089-2699.9.2.104 |citeseerx=10.1.1.611.2494 }}</ref> Hazing could also increase feelings of [[Tend and befriend|affiliation]] because of the stressful nature of the hazing experience.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lodewijkx |first1=H. F. M. |last2=van Zomeren |first2=M. |last3=Syroit |first3=J. E. M. M. |year=2005 |title=The anticipation of a severe initiation: Gender differences in effects on affiliation tendency and group attraction |journal=Small Group Research |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=237–262 |doi= 10.1177/1046496404272381|s2cid=146168269 }}</ref> Also, hazing has a hard time of being extinguished by those who saw it to be potentially dangerous like administration in education or law enforcement. In an article published by Linda Wilson, she and the [[National Pan-Hellenic Council]] Leaders at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University gave their perspectives and opinions on hazing at their institution, and she discussed why hazing is so hard to discontinue. The reason why is because the act of hazing is deeply rooted traditionally, so it becomes hard to break those traditional actions.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Richardon|date=2018|title=The National Pan-Hellenic Council Leaders' Perspectives on the Impact of Moral Thoughts and Actions on Hazing|journal=DAI-A 79/10(E), Dissertation Abstracts International|pages=187|id={{ProQuest|2050757832}}}}</ref> For example, York College in Pennsylvania tried to solve this issue with suspending students who partake in the act. However, it is hard to dismantle not only because of tradition, but also because it is meant to be done in private spaces. It is not meant to be public which makes getting rid of it even harder.
-A 2014 paper by [[Harvey Whitehouse]]<ref name="WhitehouseLanman2014">{{cite journal|last1=Whitehouse|first1=Harvey|last2=Lanman|first2=Jonathan A.|title=The Ties That Bind Us|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=55|issue=6|year=2014|pages=674–695|issn=0011-3204|doi=10.1086/678698|s2cid=45622337|url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-ties-that-bind-us-ritual-fusion-and-identification(981a41e5-071e-4e49-b7a8-9e24a0e62a51).html}}</ref> discusses theories that hazing can cause social cohesion though [[group identification]] and [[identity fusion]]. A 2017 study published in ''[[Scientific Reports]]'' found that groups that share painful or strong negative experiences can cause visceral{{vague|date=June 2017}} bonding, and pro-group behavior.<ref name="WhitehouseJong2017">{{cite journal|last1=Whitehouse|first1=Harvey|last2=Jong|first2=Jonathan|last3=Buhrmester|first3=Michael D.|last4=Gómez|first4=Ángel|last5=Bastian|first5=Brock|last6=Kavanagh|first6=Christopher M.|last7=Newson|first7=Martha|last8=Matthews|first8=Miriam|last9=Lanman|first9=Jonathan A.|last10=McKay|first10=Ryan|last11=Gavrilets|first11=Sergey|title=The evolution of extreme cooperation via shared dysphoric experiences|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=7|year=2017|pages=44292|issn=2045-2322|doi=10.1038/srep44292|pmid=28290499|pmc=5349572|bibcode=2017NatSR...744292W}}</ref> Students of [[Brazilian Jiu Jitsu]] who had experienced painful belt-whipping gauntlets had a higher willingness to donate time or risk their lives for the club.
 ==Scope==
+Hazing is a widespread phenomenon, known by a variety of terms and practiced in various institutions around the world. It is particularly popular in educational and military contexts, although other clubs and groups may also have hazing rituals for new recruits.
-[[File:Mechoneo.jpg|thumb|Tied and blindfolded first-year students from [[Universidad de Talca]], [[Chile]]]]
 ===United States===
-{{see also|List of hazing deaths in the United States}}
+Hazing practices in [[fraternity]] life began to appear shortly after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. Veterans brought the hazing practices of their battalions back with them, adopting such activities into fraternity life. The purpose of hazing was perceived as a way of providing young males an outlet to prove their manliness through rites and trials, showing themselves to be men and not boys. Other hazing practices served to put an individual in his place, reducing his sense of personal omnipotence to "subsume his individuality into something larger and better than himself."<ref> Emily Esfahani Smith, [https://newcriterion.com/issues/2015/5/on-fraternities-manliness On fraternities & manliness] ''The New Criterion'', May 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2022. </ref>
-According to one of the largest US National Surveys regarding hazing including over 60,000 student athletes from 2,400 colleges and universities:<ref name=Alfred>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alfred.edu/sports_hazing/howmanystudents.cfm |publisher=Alfred University |title=National Survey of Sports Teams|access-date= 27 May 2013|first=Nadine C.|last=Hoover}}</ref>
-{{blockquote|Over 325,000 athletes at more than 1,000 National Collegiate Athletic Association schools in the US participated in intercollegiate sports during 1998–99. Of these athletes:
-*More than a quarter of a million experienced some form of hazing to join a college athletic team.
-* One in five was subjected to unacceptable and potentially illegal hazing. They were kidnapped, beaten or tied up and abandoned. They were also forced to commit crimes&nbsp;– destroying property, making prank phone calls or harassing others.
-* Half were required to participate in drinking contests or alcohol-related hazing.
-* Two in five consumed alcohol on recruitment visits even before enrolling.
-* Two-thirds were subjected to humiliating hazing, such as being yelled or sworn at, forced to wear embarrassing clothing (if any clothing at all) or forced to deprive themselves of sleep, food or personal hygiene.
-* One in five participated exclusively in positive initiations, such as team trips or ropes courses.}}
-The survey found that 79% of college athletes experienced some form of hazing to join their team, yet 60% of the student-athletes respondents indicated that they would not report incidents of hazing.<ref name=Alfred/>
+A 2007 survey at American colleges found 55 percent of students in "clubs, teams, and organizations" experienced behavior the survey defined as hazing, including in varsity athletics and [[Fraternities and sororities|Greek-letter organizations]]. This survey found 47 percent of respondents experienced hazing before college, and in 25 percent of hazing cases, school staff were aware of the activity. 90% of students who experienced behavior the researchers defined as hazing did not consider themselves to have been hazed, and 95% of those who experienced what they themselves defined as hazing did not report it. The most common hazing-related activities reported in student groups included alcohol consumption, humiliation, isolation, sleep deprivation, and sex acts.<ref>Elizabeth J. Allan and Mary Madden, [http://www.stophazing.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/hazing_in_view_web1.pdf Hazing in View: College Students at Risk Initial Findings from the National Study of Student Hazing] ''National Study of Student Hazing'', March 11, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2022.</ref>
-A 2007 survey at American colleges found 55% of students in "clubs, teams, and organizations" experienced behavior the survey defined as hazing, including in varsity athletics and [[Fraternities and sororities|Greek-letter organizations]]. This survey found 47% of respondents experienced hazing before college, and in 25% of hazing cases, school staff were aware of the activity. 90% of students who experienced behavior the researchers defined as hazing did not consider themselves to have been hazed, and 95% of those who experienced what they themselves defined as hazing did not report it. The most common hazing-related activities reported in student groups included alcohol consumption, humiliation, isolation, sleep deprivation, and sex acts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stophazing.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/hazing_in_view_web1.pdf|title=Hazing in View: College Students at Risk Initial Findings from the National Study of Student Hazing|date=2008-03-11|access-date=2016-01-18}}</ref>
+[[Police]] forces, especially those with a [[paramilitary]] tradition, or sub-units of police forces such as tactical teams, as well as rescue services, such as [[lifeguard]]s, also commonly have hazing rituals.<ref>[http://journaltimes.com/news/national/lifeguards-fired-for-hazing-new-squad-members/article_64593575-d16b-599b-80e6-f2caf8642c02.html Lifeguards fired for hazing new squad members] ''The Journal Times'', July 18, 1997. Retrieved June 25, 2022.</ref><ref> Eric S. Page, [https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/city-probes-nude-lifeguard-hazing-incident/1922247/ City Probes Alleged Nude Lifeguard Hazing Incident] ''NBC San Diego'', August 11, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2022.</ref>
-Police forces, especially those with a [[paramilitary]] tradition, or sub-units of police forces such as tactical teams, may also have hazing rituals. Rescue services, such as [[lifeguard]]s<ref>{{cite news|url=http://journaltimes.com/news/national/lifeguards-fired-for-hazing-new-squad-members/article_64593575-d16b-599b-80e6-f2caf8642c02.html|date=July 18, 1997|title=Lifeguards fired for hazing new squad members|publisher=The Journal Times|access-date= 2013-06-03|location=Racine, WI}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/-City-Probes-Nude-Lifeguard-Hazing-Incident-100481584.html|date=Aug 11, 2010|last=Page|first= Eric S.|title=City Probes Alleged Nude Lifeguard Hazing Incident|publisher=NBC San Diego|access-date= 2013-06-03}}.</ref> or air-sea rescue teams may have hazing rituals.{{citation needed|date=June 2011}}
 ===Europe===
-====Belgium====
+Hazing is also quite common in [[Europe]] in both educational and military contexts. It is known by a variety of terms in the different languages.
-Hazing rituals are a common practice in student clubs (fraternities and sororities, called ''studentenclubs'') and student societies (called ''studentenverenigingen'', ''studentenkringen'' or ''faculteitskringen''). The latter is attached to the faculty of the university, while the first ones are privately operated. Hazing rituals in student societies have generally been safer than those in student clubs, precisely because they are to some extent regulated by universities.
-For example, [[KU Leuven]] drew up a hazing [[charter]] in 2013 following an [[Cruelty to animals|animal cruelty]] incident in the hazing ritual of student club [[Reuzegom]]. The charter was to be signed by student societies, fraternities and sororities. Signing the charter would have been a pledge to notify the city of the place and time of the hazing ceremony, and to abstain from violence, racism, extortion, bullying, sexual assault, discrimination, and the use of vertebrate animals. Reuzegom, as well as the other fraternities and sororities of the Antwerp Guild, refused. In 2018, twenty-year-old student Sanda Dia died from multiple organ failure in the Reuzegom hazing ritual as a result of racially motivated abuse by fellow Reuzegom members.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KU Leuven Student Died After Hazing Gets Out of Hand|url=https://www.veto.be/artikel/ku-leuven-student-died-after-hazing-gets-out-of-hand|access-date=2020-07-30|website=www.veto.be|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Apuzzo|first=Matt|last2=Erlanger|first2=Steven|date=2020-10-04|title=A Black Belgian Student Saw a White Fraternity as His Ticket. It Was His Death.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/04/world/europe/belgium-racism-sanda-dia.html|access-date=2021-05-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> {{as of|2019}}, a few sororities have signed the charter, as well as all student societies. In April 2019, the 28 remaining fraternities in Leuven signed the charter.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Flanders|date=2019-03-01|title=28 student clubs refuse to sign new hazing charter, "a real disgrace" says minister|url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2019/03/01/28-student-clubs-refuse-to-sign-the-new-hazing-charter/|access-date=2020-07-30|website=vrtnws.be|language=en}}</ref>{{See also|Reuzegom#Death of Sanda Dia}}
+====Educational institutions====
+In some languages, terms with a [[religious]] theme are preferred, such as [[baptism]] or [[purgatory]] (for example ''Baptême'' in Belgian French, ''doop'' in Belgian Dutch, ''chrzciny'' in Polish) or variations on a theme of naïveté and the [[rite of passage]] such as a derivation from a term for freshman, for example ''bizutage'' in European French, ''ontgroening'' ("de-greenhorn") in Dutch and Afrikaans (South Africa and Namibia), ''novatada'' in Spanish (from ''novato'', meaning newcomer or rookie). In [[Latvia]]n, the word ''iesvētības'' (literally "in-blessings") also stands for religious rites of passage, especially [[confirmation]].
-====Netherlands====
+Hazing rituals are a common practice in [[Belgium]] in student clubs (fraternities and sororities, called ''studentenclubs'') and student societies (called ''studentenverenigingen'', ''studentenkringen'' or ''faculteitskringen''). The latter is attached to the faculty of the university, while the first ones are privately operated. Hazing rituals in student societies have generally been safer than those in student clubs, precisely because they are to some extent regulated by universities.
-In the Netherlands, the so-called 'traditional fraternities' have an introduction time which includes hazing rituals. The pledges go for a few days to a camp during which they undergo hazing rituals but are meanwhile introduced in the traditions of the fraternity. After camp, there are usually evenings or whole days in which the pledges have to be present at the fraternity, although slowly the pressure is released and the relations become somewhat more equal. Often, pledges collect or perform chores to raise funds for charity. At the end of the hazing period, the inauguration of the new members take place.
-Incidents have occurred resulting in injuries and death. Often these incidents occur when members wish to join a house, (prestigious) sub-structure or commission for which they undergo a second (and usually heavier) hazing ritual. Incidents mostly occur during hazing rituals for these sub-structures, since there is less or no control from the fraternity board. Also, these sub-structure hazing rituals involve often excessive alcohol abuse, even when alcohol has become a taboo in hazing of the fraternity itself. Other situations causing additional risks for incidents are members (often joining the hazing camp but not designated with any responsibility) separating pledges and taking them away from the main group to 'amuse themselves' with them.
+In the [[Netherlands]], the so-called 'traditional fraternities' have an introduction time which includes hazing rituals. The pledges go for a few days to a camp during which they undergo hazing rituals but are meanwhile introduced in the traditions of the fraternity. Often, pledges collect or perform chores to raise funds for charity. At the end of the hazing period, the inauguration of the new members take place.
-In 1965 a student at [[Utrecht University]] choked to death during a hazing ritual (''Roetkapaffaire''). There was public outrage when the perpetrators were convicted to light conditional sentences while left-wing [[Provo (movement)|Provo]] demonstrators were given unconditional prison sentences for order disturbances. The fact that the magistrates handling the case were all alumni of the same fraternity gave rise to accusions of nepotism and class justice. Two incidents in 1997, leading to one heavy injury and one death, lead to sharpened scrutiny over hazing. Hazing incidents have nevertheless occurred since, but justice is becoming keener in persecuting perpetrators.
+[[File:Baptismo praxe2005.jpg|right|300px|thumb|[[Freshman]] being "baptized" by older students]]
-The Netherlands has no anti-hazing legislation. Hazing incidents can be handled by internal resolution by the fraternity itself (the lightest cases), and via the criminal justice system as [[assault]] or in case of death [[negligent homicide]] or [[manslaughter]]. Universities as a rule support student unions (financially and by granting board members of such union a discount on the required number of ECTS credits) but can in the most extreme case suspend or withdraw recognition and support for such union.
+The [[Portugal|Portuguese]] term '''Praxe''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''praxis'') describes the whole of [[student]] [[tradition]]s in [[University|universities]] or, more often, to the [[initiation]] [[ritual]]s freshmen are subjected to in some Portuguese universities. The ''Praxe'' is meant to initiate the freshmen into the University institution and to encourage the loss of social inhibitions.<ref name="green">Henrique Tigo, [http://www.regiaocentro.net/lugares/coimbra/praxe/default.asp Praxe Académica] ''Portal RegiaoCentro.net''. Retrieved June 25, 2022.</ref> Tradition, ritual, humor, joy and parody are some of the main ingredients of ''Praxe''.  Older students tend to produce funny situations and jokes with the freshmen; giving a warm welcome to them through initiation rituals. In most Portuguese higher education institutions, girls and boys have some gender-separated rituals to preserve dignity and respect.
-====Portugal====
+The roots of ''Praxe'' go as far back as the fourteenth century, but it became most known in the sixteenth century, under the name of the "Investidas", in the [[University of Coimbra]], the oldest of its kind in the country.<ref name="green"/> From Coimbra, the tradition spread into Lisbon and [[Porto]] in the nineteenth century, when those cities gained access to higher education and students from those same cities transferred closer to home and brought the ''Praxe'' and its customs with them. The ritual burning of the ribbons of ''[[Queima das Fitas]]'', the tradition of ripping and tearing of the newly graduates academic suit, the ''[[Festa das Latas]]'' with its Latada parade where the [[Freshman|freshmen]] walk throughout the streets with cans on their feet, the ''Cortejo da Queima'' parade of Queima das Fitas, among many other rituals, festivals, and traditions, are examples of events which are associated with ''Praxe''.
-[[File:Coimbra Queima das Fitas.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Coimbra's ''[[Queima das Fitas]]'' parade. Nearly graduated medicine (orthodontology in this particular case) students and their decorated float.]]
+====Military====
-[[File:Baptismo praxe2005.jpg|right|250px|thumb|[[Freshman]] being "baptized" by older students]]
+In the [[Italy|Italian]] military, the term used was ''nonnismo'' (from ''nonno'', literally "grandfather"), a jargon term used for the soldiers who had already served for most of their draft period.
-The [[Portugal|Portuguese]] term '''praxe''' ({{IPA-pt|ˈpɾaʃ(ɨ)|}} from the [[Greek language|Greek]] [[wikt:πρᾶξις|πρᾶξις]], ''praxis'') describes the whole of [[student]] [[tradition]]s in universities or, more often, to the [[initiation]] [[ritual]]s freshmen are subjected to in some Portuguese [[university|universities]].
-Praxe is replicated by other [[higher education]] institutions across the country.<ref name="praxe-porto">{{cite web |url = http://pwp.netcabo.pt/qvidpraxis/portopraxe.html |title = O Porto e a Praxe |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080917122548/http://pwp.netcabo.pt/qvidpraxis/portopraxe.html |archivedate = 17 September 2008 |work = QvidPraxis |language=pt}}</ref> Examples include [[Queima das Fitas]] and its parade, the ''Cortejo da Queima'', the [[Festa das Latas]] and the ''Latada'', where the [[Freshman|freshmen]] walk throughout the streets with cans on their feet, and the ripping of the traditional academic suit of the students when they finish their first cycle of studies. Its roots go as far back as the 14th century, but it became most known in the 16th, under the name of the "Investidas",<ref name="green">{{cite web |url = http://www.regiaocentro.net/lugares/coimbra/praxe/default.asp |title = Praxe Académica |author = Henrique Tigo |work = Portal RegiaoCentro.net |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071107080816/http://www.regiaocentro.net/lugares/coimbra/praxe/default.asp |archivedate = 7 November 2007 }}</ref> in the [[University of Coimbra]], the oldest of its kind in the country. The praxe is meant to initiate the freshmen into the University institution and to encourage the loss of social inhibitions.<ref name="green"/><ref name="white">{{cite web |url = http://pwp.netcabo.pt/qvidpraxis/praxe.html |title = O que é a Praxe Académica? |work = QvidPraxis |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081210235525/http://pwp.netcabo.pt/qvidpraxis/praxe.html |archivedate = 10 December 2008 |language=pt}}</ref> Tradition, ritual, humor, joy and parody are some of the main ingredients of P''raxe''.  Older students tend to produce funny situations and jokes with the freshmen; giving a warm welcome to them through initiation rituals. In most [[list of higher education institutions in Portugal|Portuguese higher education institutions]], girls and boys have some gender-separated rituals to preserve dignity and respect. Most of the freshmen's rituals are performed collectively in order to avoid open ground for abusers. However, the older students sometimes take the Praxe too far, when the initiation rituals, jokes and traditions are degraded into [[Hazing|humiliation and violence]], a violation of the code and values of the praxe.<ref name="white"/> The president of the ''[[Associação Académica de Coimbra]]'' and the Dux Veteranorum of Coimbra (ruling body of the Praxe in Coimbra) has described such incidents as a stain in its principles, and supports legal action being taken against perpetrators.<ref name="black">[http://www.tvi.iol.pt/informacao/noticia.php?id=809468 TVI News report on the assault] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017001301/http://www.tvi.iol.pt/informacao/noticia.php?id=809468 |date=17 October 2007 }} {{in lang|pt}}</ref> One of the mottos of Praxe is ''Dura Praxis Sed Praxis'' ([[Latin language|Latin]] for ''the Praxe is harsh, but it is the Praxe'', like ''[[dura lex sed lex]]''). These incidents have led to criticism against the Praxe, and the creation of student organizations against it.
-With the spread of higher education institutions throughout Portugal in the last quarter of the twentieth century, the concept of Praxe became different from university to university. Coimbra and Porto claim to maintain the heritage of the real academic traditions, usually in contrast of new practices instituted in younger universities and higher education schools.
+A similar equivalent term exists in the [[Russian military]], where a hazing phenomenon known as ''dedovshchina'' exists referring to the senior corps of soldiers in their final year of [[conscription]]. ''Dedovshchina'' (lit. ''reign of grandfathers'') is the informal practice of hazing and [[abuse]] of junior [[conscription|conscripts]] historically in the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] and today in the [[Armed Forces of the Russian Federation|Russian armed forces]], [[Internal Troops]], and to a much lesser extent [[Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation|FSB]], [[Border Guard Service of Russia|Border Guards]], as well as the military forces of certain [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet Republics]]. It consists of brutalization by more senior conscripts, [[Non-commissioned officer|NCOs]], and [[Officer (armed forces)|officers]].
-An increasingly larger number of institutions organize alternative initiation events for the freshmen based on solidarity activities and [[community service|community work]] – it is called "Solidarity Praxis" (''Praxe Solidária'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.causas.net/index.php?fastid=gbctdv6r20hroeeg0c7q3ieel0&check_cookie=true&option=com_content&task=view&id=390&Itemid=72|title=causas.net|website=www.causas.net|accessdate=9 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brigantia.pt/index.php?option=com_eventlist&Itemid=37&func=details&did=359|title=Rádio Brigantia -|website=www.brigantia.pt|accessdate=9 May 2019}}</ref> {{Failed verification|date=October 2009}}
+''Dedovshchina'' encompasses a variety of subordinating and humiliating activities undertaken by the junior ranks, from doing the chores of the senior ranks, to violent and sometimes deadly [[Physical abuse|physical]] and [[psychological abuse]], not unlike an extremely vicious form of [[bullying]] or [[torture]], including [[rape]].<ref>Luke Harding, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/feb/14/russia.lukeharding Russian army sold recruits for sex, rights group claims] ''The Guardian'', February 14, 2007. Retrieved June 28, 2022.</ref>
-; History
-The roots of the Praxe date back to the 14th century, when practiced by the clergy,<ref name="green"/> which greatly influenced the design of the academic outfit,<ref name="bloo">[http://pwp.netcabo.pt/qvidpraxis/traje.html Qvid Praxis page on the Traje]</ref> {{Failed verification|date=October 2009}} but it did not attain recognition until the practice spread to Coimbra, first being named the Investidas, in the 16th century, upon the establishment of the university.<ref name="green"/>
-From Coimbra, the tradition spread into Lisbon and [[Porto]] in the 19th century, when those cities gained access to higher education, and students from those same cities transferred closer to home and brought the praxe and its customs with them.<ref name="praxe-porto"/> The ''Praxe'' is known everywhere in Portugal, being replicated inside higher education institutions of any kind and origin across the entire country. The process repeated itself, as more and more cities across the country had access to higher education, and today the traditions and costumes of the praxe are replicated nationwide,{{dead link|date=September 2015}}<ref name="blue">[http://opa.praxe.org/ Ordem Praxe e Academia] {{in lang|pt}}</ref> with each particular university or other higher education institution, having its own specific rituals and practices, and some praxe-related organizations have even attained international reach as well.<ref name="blue"/> The ritual burning of the ribbons of ''[[Queima das Fitas]]'', the tradition of ripping and tearing of the newly graduates academic suit, the ''[[Festa das Latas]]'' with its Latada parade, the ''Cortejo da Queima'' parade of Queima das Fitas, among many other rituals, festivals and traditions, are examples of events which are associated with ''Praxe''.
-; Academic outfit
-The academic outfit, in Portuguese "Traje Académico", being composed of a [[cassock]], black [[trousers|pants]], a black straight [[Necktie|tie]] or [[bowtie]] of the same colour, a black [[vest]] with a back [[buckle]] (If one wears the bowtie, the vest is excluded) and a simple white shirt, without motifs or [[cuff links]], buttons of the same colour and one pocket on the left side, along with black classical shoes and a straight black [[cloak]] for men.<ref name="green"/> Women's outfits are composed of white straight shirt, and like the male one, without cuff links, a black jacket with two pockets, a skirt, equally black, black tie and [[stockings]] and low heeled shoes.<ref name="green"/> The outfit, originally created for the students of the [[University of Coimbra]], is a key part of the praxe symbolising equality, respect and humility.<ref name="green"/> It originated from the original outfits [[monk]]s wore,<ref name="bloo"/> {{Failed verification|date=October 2009}} demonstrating the influence of the clergy on the education, which lasted up until the 18th century, having maintained a very similar appearance to the original up until the 19th, when the more significant changes occurred, such as the shortening of the cassock<ref name="bloo"/> and, by the end of the century, the definite presence of the long pants.<ref name="bloo"/> {{Failed verification|date=October 2009}}
-There are some myths surrounding this outfit, such as the belief that the cloak should not be washed, because it represents the giving up of the memories of the academic life. This one in particular has been since clarified by Conselho de Veteranos of University of Coimbra (the council responsible to protect Praxe Académica) explaining students should actually wash it for hygienic purposes, and since historically students were recommended to look presentable while attending classes. The wearer can ask someone special to tear a little of their cloak, to symbolize that person's importance during the student's academic life.<ref name="bloo"/> The cloak is also used to show respect to places one is in or a person someone is in the presence of, and the maximum demonstration of academic respect is the laying down of the cloak on the ground for someone to walk on top of.<ref name="bloo"/>{{Failed verification|date=October 2009}}
-Even though Coimbra's academic outfit is the traditional one and considered the symbol of a Portuguese student of higher education, some Portuguese higher education institutions have their typical academic outfit which differs greatly from that born in the ancient University of Coimbra. This is the case, for example, of those worn by the students of the [[University of the Algarve]] and [[Minho University]].
-====Republic of Ireland====
-Hazing incidents are rare in the [[Republic of Ireland]], but are known at certain elite educational institutions.
-At [[Trinity College Dublin]], an all-male society, Knights of the Campanile, was implicated in a hazing incident in 2019, where initiates were required to eat large amounts of [[butter]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/should-we-care-about-trinity-college-hazing-antics-1.3840403|title=Should we care about Trinity College ‘hazing’ antics?|first=John|last=McManus|website=The Irish Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/education/trinity-society-says-hazing-reports-not-to-be-taken-too-seriously-1.3847010|title=Trinity society says hazing reports ‘not to be taken too seriously’|first=Jack|last=Power|website=The Irish Times}}</ref> Campus newspaper ''[[The University Times]]'' was criticised for using secret recording devices to record the event.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/peculiar-trinity-newspaper-responds-to-all-male-societys-statement-on-hazing-allegations-37977222.html|title='Peculiar' - Trinity newspaper responds to all-male society's statement on hazing allegations|website=independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/trinity-investigate-bugging-incident-university-times-4552190-Mar2019/|title=Trinity launches investigations after furore over alleged 'bugging' of secret society 'hazing'|first=Adam|last=Daly|website=TheJournal.ie}}</ref> [[Dublin University Boat Club]] are also known for hazing, with rituals including consumption of [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], stripping to ones underwear, caning with [[bamboo]] rods, push-ups, being shouted at, standing in the rain, being tied together by shoelaces and crawling a maze while being hit with pillows.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://universitytimes.ie/2019/02/the-boat-club-expose-should-start-a-national-conversation-about-hazing/|title=The Boat Club Expose Should Start a National Conversation About Hazing|website=universitytimes.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://universitytimes.ie/2019/01/whipping-secrecy-and-coercion-inside-boat-clubs-hazing-culture/|title=Whipping, Secrecy and Coercion: Inside Boat Club’s Hazing Culture|website=universitytimes.ie}}</ref> Hazing is common at Trinity sports societies and teams. [[Zeta Psi]] fraternity has a presence at Trinity as well, and some hazing has been reported.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/the-no-women-allowed-very-secretive-club-in-trinity-college-dublin-1.3301117|title=The no women allowed, very secretive club in Trinity College Dublin|first=Rosita|last=Bol|website=The Irish Times}}</ref>
-Hazing also took place at [[Dublin City University]]'s Accounting & Finance Society in 2018, where first-years standing for committee positions had to complete a variety of sexualised games. The club was suspended for a year as a result.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-30876421.html|title=Organisers of 'hazing' event in DCU to attend respect and dignity training|date=October 17, 2018|website=Irish Examiner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/education/dcu-society-suspended-from-social-activity-over-nude-acts-1.3665593|title=DCU society suspended from social activity over ‘nude acts’|first=Carl|last=O'Brien|website=The Irish Times}}</ref>
-A report on [[Gaelic games]] county players noted that 6% of players reported were aware of forced binge drinking as a form of hazing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-40730772.html|title=Top GAA stars at risk from binge drinking, study finds|first=Sean|last=McCarthaigh|date=October 27, 2021|website=Irish Examiner}}</ref>
 ===Asia===
+'''Ragging''' is the term used for hazing in the [[Indian subcontinent]], including [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. Ragging involves abuse, humiliation, or harassment of new entrants or junior students by the senior students.
-====Philippines====
+Several highly reputed Indian colleges, especially medical ones have a history of ragging. Sometimes it is even considered to be a college tradition.
-According to R. Dayao, hazing, usually in initiation rites of fraternities, has a long history in the [[Philippines]], and has been a source of public controversy after many cases that resulted to death of the neophyte. The first recorded death due to hazing in the Philippines was recorded in 1954, with the death of Gonzalo Mariano Albert. Hazing was regulated under the [[Anti-Hazing Act of 1995]], after the death of Leonardo Villa in 1991, but many cases, usually causing severe injury or death, continued even after it was enacted, the latest involving [[Darwin Dormitorio]], a 20-year old Cadet 4th Class from the [[Philippine Military Academy]].
-====Ragging in South Asia====
-'''Ragging''' is the term used for the so-called "[[initiation]] ritual" practiced in higher education institutions in the [[Indian subcontinent]], including [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. The practise is similar to [[hazing]] in North America, {{lang|fr|[[bizutage]]}} in France, {{lang|fr|[[praxe]]}} in Portugal, and other similar practices in educational institutions across the world. Ragging involves abuse, humiliation, or harassment of new entrants or junior students by the senior students. It often takes a malignant form wherein the newcomers may be subjected to [[psychological torture|psychological]] or [[physical torture|physical]] torture.<ref name=definition-ngo>{{cite news
- |url        = http://www.no2ragging.org/Newsletter_February_2008_(PDF).pdf
- |title      = Newsletter
- |date        = February 2008
- |publisher  = Society Against Violence in Education
- |url-status    = dead
- |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120216005819/http://www.no2ragging.org/Newsletter_February_2008_(PDF).pdf
- |archive-date = February 16, 2012
-}}</ref><ref name=definition-ju>{{cite web|title=Faculty Council of Engineering & Technology Application Form|url=http://www.setju.ac.in/admission10/New%20PG_Form_2010_rm.pdf|publisher=Jadavpur University, School of Education Technology|access-date=26 May 2018|location=Kolkata|page=3|date=22 Jul 2010|quote=Approach of jadavpur university towards ragging}}</ref>
-In 2009, the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] of India imposed regulations upon Indian universities to help curb ragging and launched a [[Toll-free telephone number|toll-free]] 'anti-ragging helpline'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2010-2011|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/6965381_Annual-2010-11.pdf|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]]|access-date=2 July 2016|page=29|quote=Section 1.3(j) Anti-Ragging Cell}}</ref>
-Ragging is a subset of [[bullying]]. Unlike various complex forms of bullying, ragging is easily recognisable.
-In Sri Lanka inception of ragging can be pleasant at first, hence the name 'Mal Samaya'. During this week or so, all newcomers are ordered to memorize the name and hometown of their peers as well as details of their immediate relatives. The objective of this exercise is said to be increasing the friendship among batch mates (locally termed as ''batch fit').
-;Dress code ragging
-The freshmen are asked to dress in a specific dress code for a particular period of time. The dress code prescribed is generally unusual, e.g. dressing completely in white or black with the hair oiled and combed in a particular style, dressing shirts that do not contain stripes, dressing long skirts for girls. Dress code ragging may make freshmen feel uncomfortable, as it often brings them unnecessary attention from everybody else. Some cases say that the juniors were also forced to carry condom packs with their penis size written on the pack mandatorily as an attempt of further abuse.
-;Verbal abuse
-Verbal torture involves indulging in loose talks.{{clarify|date=September 2017}} The freshmen may be asked to sing the lyrics of any vulgar song or use abusive language in the presence of a large number of peers.  During this time, seniors assign an abusive and demeaning nickname, known as ''card'', to the juniors and they have to be called by that name throughout their entire university life. In some universities, this nickname is changed to a less vulgar name after the ragging period. These aliases are used primarily as a means of preventing the university authorities identifying the students who are involved in ragging and other unlawful activities. The form of verbal ragging differs from one institution to another. In some universities, students have to memorize poems made up of filth and recite them in front of others. The juniors had to call seniors as sir/ma'am and in some cases the seniors are told to refer all male seniors as "Baap", i.e. father, in order to abuse the senior.
+Ragging is widely prevalent in [[Sri Lanka]]. In Sri Lanka inception of ragging can be pleasant at first, hence the name 'Mal Samaya'. During this week or so, all newcomers are ordered to memorize the name and hometown of their peers as well as details of their immediate relatives. The objective of this exercise is said to be increasing the friendship among batch mates (locally termed as batch fit').
-;Physical abuse
-The freshers are asked to do various tasks, such as [[Sit-ups (punishment)|sit-ups]] or push-ups, sitting in the [[Murga punishment|murga]] pose, being forced to address seniors as 'sir'/'ma'am' , or removing their shirts. On an attempt to resist carrying out the activities, they may beat the fresher with bats or slap them.
-Though, in India, if a complaint is lodged against that senior, he/she (and others who were present that time) will be given a strict punishment such as expulsion from university, imprisonment for a year etc.
-;Sexual abuse
-The freshers, mostly the male juniors, were often made to strip all their clothes and stand naked in front of their seniors and are entitled to other kind of sexual abuse as well. Several reports present that boys were often made completely naked in hostels in the name of ragging and ice-breaking. Earlier times reported boys being completely naked at public places as well like railway stations as a part of ragging which is very humiliating. Other kinds of sexual abuse also used to happen. Some answers on Quora says that boys were forced to drink urine, swallow semen, masturbate and much more sexually abusive and humiliating things under the name of ragging.
-;Academic performance
-The seniors may attempt to harass or threaten the junior to complete their assignments, bunk classes, not to take part in any activities or be a part of clubs related to politics etc. But sometimes reverse is done by not letting freshers to do any academic related activity except for attending lectures during university hours which is said to be in order to prepare the freshers for heavier workloads during their upcoming years.
-Although it comes under extreme cases of ragging and on complaint will lead to strict punishment to the seniors.
-;In India
-Several highly reputed Indian colleges, especially medical ones have a history of ragging. Sometimes it is even considered to be a college tradition.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 August 2019|title=Ragging can demolish a student - both mentally and physically|work=Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/health/the-serious-effects-of-ragging-on-students-well-being-7201321.html|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Amit|last2=Rao|first2=Mohan|last3=Seshadri|first3=Shekhar|last4=Sonpar|first4=Shobna|date=2 August 2017|title=Understanding ragging: Ahead of the academic season, a look at the problem, its impact|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/understanding-colleges-anti-ragging-act-4777974/lite/|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> It has become increasingly unpopular due to several complaints of serious injury to the victims and stringent laws pertaining to ragging. At the national level, ragging is currently defined as: "Any act of physical or mental abuse (including bullying and exclusion) targeted at another student (fresher or otherwise) on the ground of colour, race, religion, caste, ethnicity, gender (including transgender), sexual orientation, appearance, nationality, regional origins, linguistic identity, place of birth, place of residence or economic background."<ref>{{cite news |title=Part III-Section 4: University Grants Commission Notification |page=2 |date=29 June 2016 |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/7823260_Anti-Ragging-3rd-Amendment.pdf |work=The Gazette of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129065536/https://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/7823260_Anti-Ragging-3rd-Amendment.pdf |archive-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>
-Following Supreme Court orders, a National [http://www.ugc.ac.in/page/helpline.aspx Anti-Ragging Helpline] was launched by the Indian government.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://antiragging.in/upload/Infopack/where_can_I_get_help.pdf |title=Infopack |publisher=antiragging.in |access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://antiragging.in/home.aspx|title=Anti Ragging &#124; Ragging in college &#124; Anti Ragging Affidavit|website=antiragging.in}}</ref>
-A high-level committee in 2009, which probed the death of Aman Kachroo, revealed that alcohol was the main reason leading to serious form of ragging and violence in the campus.
-A report from 2007 highlights 42 instances of physical injury, and reports on ten deaths purportedly the result of ragging.<ref name=india>
-{{cite news
- |url            = http://www.noragging.com/analysis/CR2007_05-16_RaggingInIndiaSummary.pdf
- |archive-url    = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927081000/http://www.noragging.com/analysis/CR2007_05-16_RaggingInIndiaSummary.pdf
- |url-status        = dead
- |archive-date    = 27 September 2007
- |title          = Ragging in India: Incidents, Social Perceptions and Psychological Perspectives
- |date            = 16 May 2007
- |author          = Harsh Agarwal
- |publisher      = [[Coalition to Uproot Ragging from Education]]
- |display-authors = etal
-}}</ref> Ragging has reportedly caused at least 30 deaths in the last seven years. In 2007, approximately seven ragging deaths have been reported. In addition, a number of freshmen were severely traumatised to the extent that they were admitted to mental institutions.
-Ragging in India commonly involves serious abuses and clear violations of human rights. Often media reports and others unearth that it goes on, in many institutions, in the infamous [[Abu Ghraib]] style,<ref name=severity>
-{{cite news
-| url = http://www.no2ragging.org/ragging.html
-| title = The Terror Called Ragging
-| publisher = Society Against Violence in Education (SAVE)
-}}</ref> and on innocent victims.
-However, the Anti-Ragging NGO [[Society Against Violence in Education]] (SAVE) has supported that ragging is also widely and dangerously prevalent in engineering and other institutions, mainly in the hostels.
-;In Sri Lanka
-Ragging is widely prevalent in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="Ragging: History and Evolution">{{cite web|url=http://noragging.com/index.php/Research/Reports/Ragging-History-and-Evolution.html |title=Ragging: History and Evolution |publisher=[[Coalition to Uproot Ragging from Education]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618204928/http://noragging.com/index.php/Research/Reports/Ragging-History-and-Evolution.html |archive-date=18 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2007/07/01/main_Letters.asp |title=Stop murder by ragging! |work=[[Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka)]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114193713/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2007/07/01/main_Letters.asp |archive-date=14 November 2009}}</ref>
-There is no record to suggest that ragging is an indigenous phenomenon or was present in the ancient Sri Lankan educational institutions such as [[Mahavihara]] or [[Abhayagiri Vihara]]. It is widely considered to have been introduced during the post-[[World War II]] era. Sri Lankan soldiers returning from war re-entered the college educational system and brought with them the tradition and techniques of military style ragging. These techniques were used in the military as a mechanism of breaking down an individual so that success was achieved through team effort rather than personal goals or motivation. As fewer military persons entered the universities, ragging devolved into a violent and hazardous exercise that has been largely utilized for political purposes and thuggery.<ref name="Ragging: History and Evolution"/>
-Ragging continues in most government universities and several private institutions with some efforts being made to contain the problem although there is hesitation from administrations to get involved. These efforts have been largely hindered by students themselves who consider ragging as a rite of passage.<ref>[http://www.tamilcanadian.com/page.php?cat=73&id=1550 Indiscipline in Sri Lanka universities]</ref> The creation of 'safe spaces' and travelling in larger groups are just some techniques employed by a growing movement of students trying to combat ragging.
-Traditionally, ragging would entail seniors mocking or jeering at freshers within a dedicated period of time – usually the first few months of an undergraduate's university life. This period is known as the 'ragging period'. In Sri Lanka, several variations of ragging can be observed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/06/24/fea02.asp|work=Daily News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714201327/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/06/24/fea02.asp|url-status=dead|title=Ragging and 'teaching sessions'|archive-date=July 14, 2009}}</ref>
-;Adverse consequences
-Ragging has been frequently associated with a broad spectrum of physical, behavioral, emotional and social problems among victims and is attributed to the increased risk of suicide and drop-outs among students attending Sri Lankan universities. Ragging at private universities and higher education institutes are at a minimum as compared to government universities which has prompted many students with financial means to enroll in private establishments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2007/2/12522_image_headline.html|title=Anti- Ragging Bill will be strengthen - Wishwa Warnapala}}</ref> Ragging is not merely a sociolegal problem and has a certain psychological basis too. Many senior students state they do not wish to rag juniors but succumb to peer pressure. On the other hand, although some new students or freshers enjoyed being ragged by their seniors, other students despised it. Following their ragging they did not even wish to talk to the senior students who subjected them to "inhumane mental and physical torture".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jayasena |first=P.H.A.N.S. |date=30 October 2002 |title=Ragging in the University: A Problem in the Higher Education Institutions |url=http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/bitstream/1/4129/1/P.H.A.N.S.Jayasena%202002.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the Annual Research Sessions, University of Peradeniya |volume=7 |page=54}}</ref>
-Ragging is a practice similar to hazing in educational institutions in the [[Indo subcontinent]]. The word is mainly used in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. Ragging involves existing students baiting or [[bullying]] new students. It often takes a malignant form wherein the newcomers may be subjected to [[psychological torture|psychological]] or [[physical torture|physical]] torture.<ref name=definition-ngo>{{cite news
- |url        = http://www.no2ragging.org/Newsletter_February_2008_(PDF).pdf
- |title      = Newsletter
- |date        = February 2008
- |publisher  = Society Against Violence in Education
- |url-status    = dead
- |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120216005819/http://www.no2ragging.org/Newsletter_February_2008_(PDF).pdf
- |archive-date = February 16, 2012
-}}</ref><ref name=definition-ju>
-{{cite news
- |url      = http://www.jadavpur.edu/announce/MPhiEnvScApplicationForm2008-09.pdf
- |title    = Approach of jadavpur university towards ragging
- |date      = September 2008
- |publisher = Jadavpur University
- }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
-<!-- Currently, Sri Lanka is said to be the worst affected country in the world.<ref>[http://noragging.com/index.php/Research/Reports/Ragging-History-and-Evolution.html Ragging: History and Evolution] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618204928/http://noragging.com/index.php/Research/Reports/Ragging-History-and-Evolution.html |date=June 18, 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2007/07/01/main_Letters.asp Stop murder by ragging!]</ref>
-—>
-In 2009 the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] of India imposed regulations upon Indian universities to help curb ragging, and launched a [[Toll-free telephone number|toll-free]] 'anti ragging helpline'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2010-2011|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/6965381_Annual-2010-11.pdf|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]]|access-date=2 July 2016|page=29|quote=Section 1.3(j) Anti-Ragging Cell|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518205357/http://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/6965381_Annual-2010-11.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The effectiveness of these measures are unknown; many accused of ragging freshmen are either let out with a warning or saved from legal action by political or [[Caste system in India|caste]] lobbyists.
-Although ragging is a criminal offense in Sri Lanka under the Prohibition of Ragging and other Forms of Violence in Educational institutions Act, No. 20 of 1998 and carries a severe punishment,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.lawnet.gov.lk/1946/12/31/prohibition-of-ragging-and-other-forms-of-violence-in-educational-institutions-3/ |title = Prohibition of Ragging and Other Forms of Violence in Educational Institutions}}</ref> several variations of ragging can be observed in universities around the country. Through the years this practice has worsened to all types of violence including sexual violence, harassment and has also claimed the lives of several students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2016/05/15/death-by-ragging/|title=Death by ragging|publisher= The Sunday Leader}}</ref> The university grants commission of Sri Lanka, have set up several pathways to report ragging incidents, including a special office, helpline and a mobile app where students can make a complaint anonymously or seek help.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://studentlanka.com/2019/07/02/ragging-in-sri-lankan-universities/ |title = Ragging in Sri Lankan Universities|date = 2 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.lk/|title=Ragging complaint portal|publisher=University Grants Commission Sri Lanka|access-date=2020-03-23}}</ref>
 ==Controversies and efforts to curtail hazing==
+There have been numerous reports of problems related to hazing, ranging from damage to property, to injuries of various degrees of severity, including death, to criminal activities. As a result, there have been many efforts to curtail the practice, both on the instiutional and national levels.
+[[File:EarlyMACHazing.png|thumb|400px|The "Scenes of Hazing", as portrayed in an early student yearbook of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, circa 1879.]]
+===United States===
+Hazing is often cited as one of the most harmful aspects of [[fraternities and sororities]] and poses a major threat to their existence, drawing great criticism from educators and administrators.<ref>Edward G. Whipple and Eileen G. Sullivan, [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ss.8101 Greek Letter Organizations: Communities of Learners?] ''New Directions for Student Services'' 1998(81) (Spring 1998): 7-17. Retrieved June 29, 2022.</ref>
-[[File:EarlyMACHazing.png|thumb|The "Scenes of Hazing", as portrayed in an early student yearbook of the [[Massachusetts Agricultural College]]. Circa 1879.]]
+Hazing incidents including "beating or kicking to the point of traumatic injury or death, burning or branding, excessive calisthenics, being forced to eat unpleasant substances, and psychological or sexual abuse of both males and females." Reported coerced sexual activity is sometimes considered "horseplay" rather than rape.<ref name=Finkel>Michelle A. Finkel, [https://njbullying.org/documents/hazing-EDarticleFinkel2002.pdf Traumatic Injuries Caused By Hazing Practices] ''American Journal of Emergency Medicine'' 20(3) (May 2002): 228–233. Retrieved June 29, 2022.</ref> Between 1970 and 1999, 56 hazing deaths were reported.<ref>Hank Nuwer, ''Wrongs of Passage: Fraternities, Sororities, Hazing, and Binge Drinking'' (Indiana University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0253214980).</ref>
-The practice of ritual abuse among social groups is not clearly understood. This is partly due to the secretive nature of the activities, especially within collegiate fraternities and sororities, and in part a result of long-term acceptance of hazing. Thus, it has been difficult for researchers to agree on the underlying social and psychological mechanisms that perpetuate hazing. In military circles hazing is sometimes assumed to test recruits under situations of stress and hostility. Although in no way a recreation of combat, hazing does put people into stressful situations that they are unable to control, which allegedly should weed out the weaker members prior to being put in situations where failure to perform will cost lives. A portion of the military training course known as [[Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape]] (SERE) simulates as closely as is feasible the physical and psychological conditions of a [[POW]] camp.
+Colleges and universities sometimes avoid publicizing hazing incidents for fear of damaging institutional reputations or incurring financial liability to victims.<ref>Stephen Sweet, ''College and Society: An Introduction to the Sociological Imagination'' (Pearson, 2001, ISBN 978-0205305568). </ref> Also, hazing injuries are often not recognized for their true cause in emergency medical centers as hazing victims sometimes hide the real cause of injuries out of shame or to protect those who caused the harm. In protecting their abusers, hazing victims can be compared with victims of [[domestic violence]].<ref name=Finkel/>
-The problem with this approach, according to opponents, is that the stress and hostility comes from ''inside'' the group, and not from ''outside'' as in actual combat situation, creating suspicion and distrust towards the superiors and comrades-in-arms. Willing participants may be motivated by a desire to prove to senior soldiers their stability in future combat situations, making the unit more secure, but blatantly brutal hazing can in fact produce negative results, making the units more prone to break, desert or mutiny than those without hazing traditions, as observed in the Russian army in [[Chechnya]], where units with the strongest traditions of [[dedovschina]] were the first to break and desert under enemy fire.<ref>{{citation |first=Sean |last=Renaud| title=A View from Chechnya: An Assessment of Russian Counterinsurgency During the two Chechen Wars and Future Implications | page=78|url=http://muir.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/1804/02_whole.pdf|year=2010|publisher= Massey University|location=Palmerston North, NZ}}</ref> At worst, hazing may lead into [[fragging]] incidents. Colleges and universities sometimes avoid publicizing hazing incidents for fear of damaging institutional reputations or incurring financial liability to victims.<ref>{{cite book|last= Sweet |first=Stephen|title= College and Society: An Introduction to Sociological Imagination|year= 2001|publisher=Allyn and Bacon|pages=19–37|isbn=978-0205305568|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=840lAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>
+As fraternities and sororities are very diverse in their structures, regulations, governing entities, and memberships, and as hazing can take on many forms, the issue of hazing within these organizations is complex and multifaceted.
-In a 1999 study, a survey of 3,293 collegiate athletes, coaches, athletic directors and deans found a variety of approaches to prevent hazing, including strong disciplinary and corrective measures for known cases, implementation of athletic, behavioral, and academic standards guiding recruitment; provisions for alternative bonding and recognition events for teams to prevent hazing; and law enforcement involvement in monitoring, investigating, and prosecuting hazing incidents.<ref name=Alfred/> Hoover's research suggested half of all college athletes are involved in alcohol-related hazing incidents, while one in five are involved in potentially illegal hazing incidents. Only another one in five was involved in what Hoover described as positive initiation events, such as taking team trips or running obstacle courses.
+Generally, institutions of higher education will have their own definitions of hazing, though they may closely mirror definitions found in their respective state statutes. For example, the [[University of Arizona]] notes that hazing is a violation of University of Arizona policy and Arizona State law, and provides the following definition of hazing in its "University of Arizona Hazing Policy":
+<blockquote>
+"Hazing" means any intentional, knowing or reckless act committed by a student, whether individually or in concert with other persons, against another student, and in which both of the following apply:
+(a) The act was committed in connection with an initiation into, an affiliation with or the maintenance of membership in any organization that is affiliated with the University.
+(b) The act contributes to a substantial risk of potential physical injury, mental harm or degradation or causes physical injury, mental harm or personal degradation.<ref>[https://greek.arizona.edu/fsp/hazing-policy-and-prevention Hazing Policy and Prevention] ''The University of Arizona''. Retrieved June 29, 2022.</ref></blockquote>
-Hoover wrote: "Athletes most at risk for any kind of hazing for college sports were men; non-Greek members; and either swimmers, divers, soccer players, or lacrosse players. The campuses where hazing was most likely to occur were primarily in eastern or southern states with no anti-hazing laws. The campuses were rural, residential, and had Greek systems."<ref name=Alfred/> (Hoover uses the term "Greek" to refer to U.S.-style fraternities and sororities.) Hoover found that non-fraternity members were most at risk of hazing, and that football players are most at risk of potentially dangerous or illegal hazing.<ref name=Alfred/> In the May issue of the ''American Journal of Emergency Medicine'', Michelle Finkel reported that hazing injuries are often not recognized for their true cause in emergency medical centers. The doctor said hazing victims sometimes hide the real cause of injuries out of shame or to protect those who caused the harm. In protecting their abusers, hazing victims can be compared with victims of domestic violence, Finkel wrote.<ref name=AJEM>{{cite journal|last=Finkel|first= Michelle A., MD|url=http://njbullying.org/documents/hazing-EDarticleFinkel2002.pdf|title=Traumatic Injuries Caused By Hazing Practices|journal=American Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume= 20|pages= 228–33|number= 3 |date=May 2002|access-date= 27 May 2013|doi= 10.1053/ajem.2002.32649|pmid= 11992345}}</ref>
+Many American educational institutions have developed anti-hazing programs, which encourage alternatives to hazing through the planning of purposeful activities, inform students of how to take action and avoid being a [[Bystander effect|bystander]], and provide clear consequences for those students and/or organizations who violate hazing policies.<ref name=Hollmann/> Additionally, hazing has become a central focus of programs designed to help Greek letter organizations become more value congruent through institutionalized standards and expectations <ref>Michael D. Shonrock, [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ss.8107 Standards and Expectations for Greek Letter Organizations] ''New Directions for Student Services'' 1998(81) (Spring 1998):79–85. Retrieved June 29, 2022.</ref>
-Finkel cites hazing incidents including "beating or kicking to the point of [[Physical trauma|traumatic injury]] or death, burning or [[branding persons|branding]], excessive [[calisthenics]], being forced to eat unpleasant substances, and psychological or sexual abuse of both males and females". Reported coerced sexual activity is sometimes considered "horseplay" rather than rape, she wrote.<ref name=AJEM/> Finkel quoted from Hank Nuwer's book "Wrongs of Passage" which counted 56 hazing deaths between 1970 and 1999.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHM9ltEQIU0C|title=Wrongs of Passage|first=Hank|last= Nuwer|publisher=Indiana University Press|year= 2001|isbn=9780253214980}}</ref>
+Individual national Greek Letter Organizations have taken the initiative against activities related to hazing. For example, Phi Beta Sigma fraternity adopted an anti-hazing campaign to eradicate hazing practices in its individual chapters, providing numerous support resources to effectively combat the practice.<ref>[https://phibetasigma1914.org/anti-hazing/ Anti-Hazing] ''Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc.'' Retrieved June 29, 2022.</ref>
-In November 2005, controversy arose over a video showing [[Royal Marines]] fighting naked and intoxicated as part of a hazing ritual. The fight culminated with one soldier receiving a kick to the face, rendering him unconscious.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1504191/Police-investigate-video-of-beaten-marine.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1504191/Police-investigate-video-of-beaten-marine.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Police investigate video of beaten marine|access-date=2009-01-30
+Attempts at preventing hazing have also targeted Greek letter organizations at the national level, even encouraging the closure of chapters that consistently partake in illegal and risky activities and pose threats to their local and university communities.<ref>L. Martin Cobb and Michael McRee, [https://issuu.com/afa1976/docs/spring_07_full Why We Should Close More Chapters] ''Perspectives'' (Spring 2007): 4–8. Retrieved June 29, 2022.</ref> Some have proposed the creation of a recognized pledge program in which national fraternity and sorority leaders participate, under the recognized supervision of university officials, as well as the yearly evaluation of fraternities and sororities to determine their eligibility for continued recognition and sponsorship.<ref>Hank Nuwer (ed.), ''The Hazing Reader'' (Indiana University Press, 2004, ISBN 0253216540).</ref>
-|first=Catriona |last=Davies|date=2005-11-28|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The victim, according to the [[BBC]], said "It's just Marine humour".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/exclusive-i-was-that-rookie-kod-by-marines-568425|title=Exclusive: I was that rookie KO'D by marines|access-date=2013-05-28|first=Richard |last=Smith|date=2005-12-09|work=Mirror News|location=London}}</ref> The Marine who leaked the video said "The guy laid out was inches from being dead." Under further investigation, the Marines had just returned from a six-month tour of Iraq, and were in their "cooling down" period, in which they spend two weeks at a naval base before they are allowed back into society. The man who suffered the kick to the head did not press charges.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
-In 2008, a national hazing study was conducted by Dr Elizabeth Allan and Dr Mary Madden from the University of Maine. This investigation is the most comprehensive study of hazing to date and includes survey responses from more than 11,000 undergraduate students at 53 colleges and universities in different regions of the U.S. and interviews with more than 300 students and staff at 18 of these campuses. Through the vision and efforts of many, this study fills a major gap in the research and extends the breadth and depth of knowledge and understanding about hazing. Ten initial findings are described in the report, Hazing in View: College Students at Risk. These include:
+However, such programs are difficult to implement since many Greek letter organizations, such as those governed by the [[National Pan-Hellenic Council]] (NPHC) and the [[National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations]] (NALFO), prohibit their pledges (also known as “interests” or “new members”) from revealing their association with their organization until they have been initiated. As a result, it is difficult for institutions to reach out to members in anti-hazing efforts and virtually impossible for these pledges or interests to reach out for help, especially if they wish to remain members, pledges, or interests of their organizations.<ref>Cheryl E. Drout and Christie L. Corsoro, [https://www.sbp-journal.com/index.php/sbp/article/view/1279 Attitudes toward fraternity hazing among fraternity members, sorority members, and non-Greek students] ''Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal'' 31(6) (2003): 535-544. Retrieved June 25, 2022.</ref>
-# More than half of college students involved in clubs, teams, and organizations experience hazing.
-# Nearly half (47%) of students have experienced hazing prior to coming to college.
-# Alcohol consumption, humiliation, isolation, sleep deprivation, and sex acts are hazing practices common across student groups.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Allan|first=Elizabeth|title=Hazing in View: College Students at Risk|url=http://www.stophazing.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/hazing_in_view_web1.pdf|publisher=University of Maine, College of Education and Human Development|access-date=21 May 2010|author2=Mary Madden|date=11 March 2008}}</ref>
-===India===
+===Europe===
-;Anti-Ragging Helpline and anonymous complaints
+Various incidents in European countries have been reported, leading to attempts to curtail hazing activities, and in some cases to legal action against the perpetrators and the institutions.
-Following a Supreme Court order, a National Anti-Ragging Helpline was created to help the victims and take action in cases of ragging, by informing the head of the institution and the local police authorities of the ragging complaint from the college. The main feature of the helpline is that the complaints can be registered anonymously.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
-India's National Anti-Ragging Helpline started working in June 2009 to help students in distress due to ragging. It can be reached through email and a 24-hour toll-free number. Provision for anonymous complaints was considered of utmost important at the time of establishment of the helpline, since the victim after making the complaint remains with or close to the culprits, away from a fully secure environment. Since many ragging deaths, like Aman Kachroo's,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-11/india/28233204_1_aman-kachroo-abhinav-verma-naveen-verma | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130708193928/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-11/india/28233204_1_aman-kachroo-abhinav-verma-naveen-verma | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-07-08 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=All four accused held guilty of ragging Aman Kachroo to death}}</ref> occurred due to seniors taking a revenge of the complaint made, anonymous complaints were equally allowed at the helpline.
+In 2018 in [[Belgium]], twenty-year-old student Sanda Dia died from multiple organ failure in the Reuzegom hazing ritual. The student society had attracted negative attention in the past, having been accused of animal cruelty during a hazing incident in 2009, for which the members involved were forced to pay a fine.<ref>Ronald Tipan, [https://www.veto.be/artikel/ku-leuven-student-died-after-hazing-gets-out-of-hand KU Leuven Student Died After Hazing Gets Out of Hand] ''Veto'', December 14, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2022.</ref> [[KU Leuven]] drew up a hazing [[charter]] that was to be signed by student societies, fraternities and sororities. Signing the charter would have been a pledge to notify the city of the place and time of the hazing ceremony, and to abstain from violence, racism, extortion, bullying, sexual assault, discrimination, and the use of vertebrate animals. However a number of clubs refused to sign the new charter, arguing they did not want to lose their independence and rejected the rule that obliges them to report each hazing ahead.<ref>[https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2019/03/01/28-student-clubs-refuse-to-sign-the-new-hazing-charter/ 28 student clubs refuse to sign new hazing charter, "a real disgrace" says minister] ''Flanders News'', March 1, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2022.</ref>
-As per UGC regulations, it is mandatory for a college to register an F.I.R.{{clarify|date=April 2020}} with police against the culprits if any violence, physical abuse, sexual harassment, confinement etc. takes place with any fresher.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/ragging/gazzetaug2010.pdf |title=UGC Anti-Ragging Regulation |at=See Point 7 |publisher=UGC |date=12 October 2009 |access-date=9 July 2013}}</ref> After receiving any such complaint from the helpline, it becomes the duty of the head of the institution to register the F.I.R. with police within 24 hours. In 2013, a police case was registered against the director, dean and registrar of a reputed college in Delhi for, among other charges, not informing the police and registering F.I.R. within 24 hours of receiving the ragging complaint. (failing to inform a public authority, IPC 176).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/naveen-kujur-ragging-case-against-spa-for-negligence-and-tampering-with-evidence/1094641/|title=Naveen Kujur ragging: Case against SPA for negligence and tampering with evidence |work=Indian Express}}</ref>
+In Portugal, some ''Praxe'' rituals have been accused of going against the principles set in the modern codes of the ''Praxe'',<ref name="green"/> with the older students taking the ''Praxe'' too far, such that the initiation rituals, jokes, and traditions are degraded into humiliation and violence. Such incidents have led to criticism against the ''Praxe'', and the creation of student organizations against it.
-The database of the Anti-Ragging Helpline indicates that it has been to an extent successful in ensuring a safer environment in colleges from where it registered the complaints. In many cases, it forwarded the complaint to the University Grants Commission (UGC) for an action against those colleges which refused to take any action against the culprits.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}
+In some cases criminal activities have been involved. In the 2000s, the Ministry of Higher Education, [[Mariano Gago]], was called by students who wished to see justice applied against abusers, as the institutions themselves ignored their complaints. The first case of abuse in the ''Praxe'' involving court action against 6 perpetrators, happened in 2003 at an agricultural [[polytechnic (Portugal)|polytechnic]] institution from [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]] – the ''Escola Agrária de Santarém of the [[Instituto Politécnico de Santarém]]''. Driven by a driver of the polytechnic, a van from the school was used in the process. In 2008, the students were convicted of the crimes of bodily harm and coercion.<ref>
+Alexandra Serodio, [https://web.archive.org/web/20131002124317/http://www.jn.pt/PaginaInicial/Policia/Interior.aspx?content_id=1325034 Relação de Évora condena praxes violentas] ''Jornal de Noticias''. Retrieved June 29, 2022.</ref>
+In 2001 Diogo Macedo, a fourth year Architecture student of the Universidade Lusíada of Vila Nova de Famalicão, died from wounds resulting of massive trauma to his spine which the coroner ruled as having been dealt by a blunt object during a praxe event. Judicial proceedings found that the university was guilty of not supervising such events on campus grounds and award the parents of the deceased student 90,000 euros. Two suspects were arraigned as defendants but in 2004 the case would be closed due to insufficient evidence to proceed any further.
+<ref>[https://www.jn.pt/sociedade/universidade-paga-indemnizacao-por-morte-de-aluno-em-praxe-1373990.html Universidade paga indemnização por morte de aluno em praxe] ''JN'', September 27, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2022.</ref>
+Hazing incidents are rare in the [[Republic of Ireland]], but are known at certain elite educational institutions. Hazing took place at [[Dublin City University]]'s Accounting & Finance Society in 2018, where first-years standing for committee positions had to complete a variety of sexualized games. The club was suspended for a year as a result.<ref>[https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-30876421.html Organisers of 'hazing' event in DCU to attend respect and dignity training] ''Irish Examiner'', October 17, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2022.</ref>
-; Legislation
+Hazing also occurs in sports societies. A report on [[Gaelic games]] county players noted that 6 percent of players reported were aware of forced [[binge drinking]] as a form of hazing.<ref>Sean McCarthaigh, [https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-40730772.html Top GAA stars at risk from binge drinking, study finds] ''Irish Examiner'', October 27, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2022.</ref> [[Dublin University Boat Club]] are known for hazing, with rituals including consumption of [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], stripping to ones underwear, caning with [[bamboo]] rods, push-ups, being shouted at, standing in the rain, being tied together by shoelaces and crawling a maze while being hit with pillows.<ref> Edmund Heaphy and Cormac Watson, [https://universitytimes.ie/2019/01/whipping-secrecy-and-coercion-inside-boat-clubs-hazing-culture/ Whipping, Secrecy and Coercion: Inside Boat Club’s Hazing Culture] ''The University Times'', January 29, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2022.</ref>
-In 1997, the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] first passed laws related to ragging. Subsequently, a major boost to anti-ragging efforts was given by a landmark judgement of the [[Supreme Court of India]] in May 2001,<ref name="SC2001Judgement">{{cite web|url=http://www.noragging.com/laws/supreme-court-judgement.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927080951/http://www.noragging.com/laws/supreme-court-judgement.html|archive-date=2007-09-27|title=CURE: Laws — The Supreme Court of India Judgement|date=September 27, 2007}}</ref> in response to a Public Interest Litigation filed by the Vishwa Jagriti Mission.
-;Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999
+There have been reports that many young men are killed or commit suicide every year in Russia because of ''dedovshchina''.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/russia1004/6.htm The Consequences of Dedovshchina], ''Human Rights Watch'', October 2004. Retrieved June 29, 2022.</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that in 2006 at least 292 Russian soldiers were killed by ''dedovshchina'' (although the Russian military only admits that 16 soldiers were directly murdered by acts of ''dedovshchina'' and claims that the rest committed suicide), as well as several thousand reports of abuse: "On Aug. 4, it was announced by the chief military prosecutor that there had been 3,500 reports of abuse already this year (2006), compared with 2,798 in 2005".<ref name="nyt">Steven Lee Myers, [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E7DF173EF930A2575BC0A9609C8B63 Hazing Trial Bares a Dark Side of Russia's Military] ''The New York Times'', August 13, 2006. Retrieved June 29, 2022.</ref> The [[BBC]] meanwhile reported that in 2007, 341 soldiers committed suicide, a 15 percent reduction over the previous year.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7425694.stm Russia army suicides cause alarm] ''BBC News'', May 29, 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2022.</ref>
-In 1999, the [[Government of Maharashtra]] enacted the Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999 to prohibit ragging which it defines as the:<blockquote>Display of disorderly conduct, doing of any act which causes or is likely to cause physical or psychological harm or raise apprehension or fear or shame or embarrassment to a student in any educational institution and includes— (i) teasing, abusing, threatening or playing practical jokes on, or causing hurt to, such student ; or (ii) asking a student to do any act or perform something which such student will not, in the ordinary course, willingly, do. {{cite act|type=Maharashtra Act|index=XXXIII|date=1999|title=Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999|page=2|url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/acts/1999.33.pdf}}</blockquote>
-The objective of the act is to create a framework to establish ragging as a criminal act, and lay out possible punishments under the law. Section 4 of the Act states: <blockquote>"Whoever directly or indirectly commits, participates in, abets or propagates ragging within or outside any educational institution shall, on conviction, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years and shall also be liable to a fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees."{{cite act|type=Maharashtra Act|index=XXXIII|date=1999|title=Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999|page=2|url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/acts/1999.33.pdf}} </blockquote>
+Overall, the Russian state has done little to curtail ''dedovshchina''. In 2003, on the specific issues of denial of food and poor nutrition, Deputy Minister of Defence V. Isakov denied the existence of such problems.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/russia1103/4.htm#_Toc55717189 To Serve without Health?] ''Human Rights Watch'', November 2003. Retrieved June 29, 2022.</ref>
-Students who have been convicted under this act may also be dismissed from their educational institution, and not be allowed to enroll in any other educational institution for five years. In addition, the act lays out a procedure by which education institutions should handle accusations of ragging, with suspension of the accused student(s) and investigation of the allegations, and holds those institutions accountable if they fail to act in the manner described. Under Section 7 of the Act, the head of the institution who fails or neglects to properly investigate such allegations :''"shall be deemed to have abetted the offense of ragging and shall, on conviction, be punished as provided for in section 4",'' {{cite act|type=Maharashtra Act|index=XXXIII|date=1999|title=Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999|page=3|url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/acts/1999.33.pdf}} In other words, the school principal, chancellor, or other head faces the same punishment as a student who has been accused and convicted under this law.
+===Asia===
+Ragging involves abuse, humiliation, or harassment of new entrants or junior students by the senior students. It often takes a malignant form wherein the newcomers may be subjected to [[psychological torture|psychological]] or [[physical torture|physical]] torture.
-It was applied in 2013, and resulted in the suspension of six students from [[Rajiv Gandhi Medical College]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/College-suspends-medical-students-for-ragging/articleshow/23230735.cms|title=College suspends medical students for 'ragging' |last=Karlikar |first=Nishikant |date=30 September 2013 |work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref> The most notable case in which it has been applied is the [[Suicide of Payal Tadvi]], in which three senior medical students were charged under this act as well as under the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act]], and the [[Information Technology Act, 2000]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/latest/933336/payal-tadvi-suicide-case-accused-doctors-granted-bail-by-bombay-hc-on-strict-conditions|title=Payal Tadvi suicide case: Accused doctors granted bail by Bombay HC on strict conditions|work=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref><ref name="Shelar">{{Cite news|last=Shelar|first=Jyoti|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/what-does-states-anti-ragging-act-say/article27358658.ece|title=What does State's anti-ragging Act say?|date=2019-05-31|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-20|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The charge-sheet filed by the Mumbai Police alleges that the ragging in this case consisted of harassment, humiliation, and discrimination, which directly led to her suicide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/rights/dr-payal-tadvi-suicide-chargesheet|title=Payal Tadvi Case: Chargesheet Reveals Months of Humiliation, Discrimination|website=The Wire|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref> Since 2018, at the [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]], the University which supervises the Topiwala National Medical College where Payal Tadvi studied, six of seven accusations of ragging could not proven.<ref name="Shelar"/>  In 2010, 18 students at the [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|Seth GS Medical College]] were arrested and charged with ragging under the Act.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/18-ragging-accused-face-expulsion-from-hostel/story-Ujk30xioTQ3TzRUCkxzx0H.html|title=18 ragging accused face expulsion from hostel|date=2010-01-05|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref>
-In 2015, L.K. Kshirsagar, principle of the [[MIT - World Peace University|Maharashtra Institute of Technology]]’s College of Engineering, was arrested and charged under Section 7 of the Act, for failing to investigate and neglecting his duties under the law, in a case involving three students who had been accused of ragging the previous year.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chavan|first=Vijay|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/mit-principal-charged-for-neglecting-ragging/articleshow/48849501.cms|title=MIT principal charged for neglecting ragging|date=September 7, 2015|work=Pune Mirror|access-date=April 19, 2020}}</ref>
+Ragging has become increasingly unpopular in [[India]] due to complaints of serious injury to the victims.<ref>[https://www.firstpost.com/health/the-serious-effects-of-ragging-on-students-well-being-7201321.html Ragging can demolish a student - both mentally and physically] ''FirstPost'', August 21, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2022.</ref><ref>Amit Sen, Mohan Rao, Shekhar Seshadri, and Shobna Sonpar, [https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/understanding-colleges-anti-ragging-act-4777974/lite/ Understanding ragging: Ahead of the academic season, a look at the problem, its impact]|''The Indian Express'', August 2, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2022.</ref>
-In June 2019, after the [[suicide of Payal Tadvi]], there were calls to strengthen the anti-ragging laws to check anti-caste bias. The law itself does not mention caste-based discrimination or other specific forms of bias.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-maharashtra-govt-to-strengthen-anti-ragging-laws-check-caste-bias-2762498|title=Maharashtra govt to strengthen anti-ragging laws, check caste bias|date=2019-06-19|work=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref>
+Following Supreme Court orders, a National Anti-Ragging Helpline was launched by the Indian government.<ref>[https://www.ugc.ac.in/page/helpline.aspx Anti-Ragging Helpline] ''University Grants Commission''. Retrieved June 30, 2022. </ref>
+India's National Anti-Ragging Helpline started working in June 2009 to help students in distress due to ragging. It can be reached through email and a 24-hour toll-free number. Provision for anonymous complaints was considered of utmost important at the time of establishment of the helpline, since the victim after making the complaint remains with or close to the culprits, away from a fully secure environment.
-;Central Government and Supreme Court Legislation
+The effectiveness of these measures are unknown; many accused of ragging freshmen are either let out with a warning or saved from legal action by political or [[Caste system in India|caste]] lobbyists.
-The Indian Supreme Court has taken a strong stand to prevent ragging. In 2006, the court directed the H.R.D. Ministry of the Govt. of India to form a panel which will suggest guidelines to control ragging.<ref>
+Legislation has been enacted in an attempt to enforce restrictions on ragging. For example, in 1999, the [[Government of Maharashtra]] enacted the Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999 to prohibit ragging, based on the following definition:
-{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/07/stories/2006110700861100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001015445/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/07/stories/2006110700861100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2007|title=Court: form panel to look into ragging|date=7 November 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
+<blockquote>“Ragging” means display of disorderly conduct, doing of any act which causes or is likely to cause physical or psychological harm or raise apprehension or fear or shame or embarrassment to a student in any educational institution and includes— (i) teasing, abusing, threatening or playing practical jokes on, or causing hurt to, such student ; or (ii) asking a student to do any act or perform something which such student will not, in the ordinary course, willingly, do.<ref name=Maharashtra>[https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/acts/1999.33.pdf The Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999] ''Government Central Press, Mumbai'', 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2022.</ref></blockquote>
-The Ministry of Human Resources Development (MHRD), following a directive by the Supreme Court, appointed a seven-member panel headed by former [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] director Dr. [[R. K. Raghavan]] to recommend anti-ragging measures. The Raghavan Committee report,<ref>{{cite news
+The objective of the act is to create a framework to establish ragging as a criminal act, and lay out possible punishments under the law. Section 4 of the Act states:
- |url        = http://education.nic.in/HigherEdu/RaggingReport.pdf
+<blockquote>Whoever directly or indirectly commits, participates in, abets or propagates ragging within or outside any educational institution shall, on conviction, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years and shall also be liable to a fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees.<ref name=Maharashtra/></blockquote>
- |title      = Raghavan Committee Recommendation Report
- |publisher  = Human Resource Development Ministry, Government of India
- |url-status    = dead
- |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194744/http://education.nic.in/HigherEdu/RaggingReport.pdf
- |archive-date = 2007-09-27
-}}</ref> submitted to the court in May 2007, includes a proposal to include ragging as a special section under the [[Indian Penal Code]]. The Supreme Court of India interim order<ref name="SCMay2007">
-{{cite news
-| url = http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/sc2429504p.txt
-| title = Honbl. Supreme Court interim order on Ragging
-| publisher = [[Supreme Court of India]]}}</ref> (based on the recommendations) dated 16 May 2007 makes it obligatory for academic institutions to file official [[First Information Report]]s with the police in any instance of a complaint of ragging. This would ensure that all cases would be formally investigated under the criminal justice system, and not by the academic institutions' own ad-hoc bodies.
-Welcoming the Supreme Court's judgment on ragging, Dr. Raghavan said, "there are finally signs that the recommendations to prevent ragging in colleges will be taken seriously".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/09/stories/2009050955561100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511160024/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/09/stories/2009050955561100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2009|title=R. K. Raghavan hails verdict |date=9 May 2009|access-date=1 September 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
+Students who have been convicted under this act may also be dismissed from their educational institution, and not be allowed to enroll in any other educational institution for five years. In addition, the act lays out a procedure by which education institutions should handle accusations of ragging, with suspension of the accused student(s) and investigation of the allegations, and holds those institutions accountable if they fail to act in the manner described. Under Section 7 of the Act, the head of the institution who fails or neglects to properly investigate such allegations "shall be deemed to have abetted the offense of ragging and shall, on conviction, be punished as provided for in section 4."<ref name=Maharashtra/> In other words, the school principal, chancellor, or other head faces the same punishment as a student who has been accused and convicted under this law.
-In 2007, the Supreme Court directed that all the higher educational institutions should include information about all the ragging incidents in their brochures/prospectus of admission.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/soc_crei.pdf|title=Untitled Page|website=www.ugc.ac.in}}</ref>
+It was applied in 2013, and resulted in the suspension of six students from [[Rajiv Gandhi Medical College]] in Mumbai.<ref>Nishikant Karlikar, [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/College-suspends-medical-students-for-ragging/articleshow/23230735.cms College suspends medical students for 'ragging'] ''The Times of India'', September 30, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2022.</ref> The most notable case in which it has been applied is the [[suicide]] of Payal Tadvi, in which three senior medical students were charged under this act as well as under the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act]], and the [[Information Technology Act, 2000]]. <ref name="Shelar">Jyoti Shelar, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/what-does-states-anti-ragging-act-say/article27358658.ece What does State's anti-ragging Act say?] ''The Hindu'', May 31, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2022.</ref> They were charged with ragging consisting of harassment, humiliation, and discrimination which directly led to her suicide.<ref>Sukanya Shantha, [https://thewire.in/rights/dr-payal-tadvi-suicide-chargesheet Payal Tadvi Case: Chargesheet Reveals Months of Humiliation, Discrimination] ''The Wire'', July 25, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2022.</ref>
-; 2009 UGC Regulation
+The [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) has passed UGC regulation on curbing ragging in higher educational institutions, beginning in 2009 with updates in 2013 and 2016.<ref name=UGC2016>[https://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/7823260_Anti-Ragging-3rd-Amendment.pdf Curbing the menace of Ragging in Higher Educational Institutions (third amendment), Regulations, 2016.] ''University Grants Commission'', June 29, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2022. </ref> These regulation mandate every college responsibilities to curb ragging, including strict pre-emptive measures, like lodging freshers in a separate hostel, surprise raids at night by the anti-ragging squad, and submission of affidavits by all senior students and their parents taking oath not to indulge in ragging.
+In the 2016 amendment, the definition of ragging was updated to read:
+<blockquote>Any act of physical or mental abuse (including bullying and exclusion) targeted at another student (fresher or otherwise) on the ground of colour, race, religion, caste, ethnicity, gender (including transgender), sexual orientation, appearance, nationality, regional origins, linguistic identity, place of birth, place of residence or economic background.<ref name=UGC2016/></blockquote>
-In 2009, in the wake of Aman Kachroo's death, the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) passed UGC regulation on curbing ragging in higher educational institutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iitr.ac.in/news/uploads/File/academic/updatedraggingnotification.pdf |title=UGC Regulations on Curbing the Menace of Ragging in Higher Educational Institutions, 2009 |website=www.iitr.ac.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920054134/http://www.iitr.ac.in/news/uploads/File/academic/updatedraggingnotification.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> These regulation mandate every college responsibilities to curb ragging, including strict pre-emptive measures, like lodging freshers in a separate hostel, surprise raids at night by the anti-ragging squad and submission of affidavits by all senior students and their parents taking oath not to indulge in ragging.
+Ragging in [[Sri Lanka]] has a certain psychological basis: Many senior students state they do not wish to rag juniors but succumb to peer pressure. On the other hand, although some new students or freshers enjoyed being ragged by their seniors, other students despised it. Following their ragging they did not even wish to talk to the senior students who subjected them to "inhumane mental and physical torture." It was found that although ragging was intended to be a "social equalizer," in reality it "deepened the gap between the social classes."<ref>P.H.A.N.S. Jayasena, [http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/bitstream/1/4129/1/P.H.A.N.S.Jayasena%202002.pdf Ragging in the University: A Problem in the Higher Education Institutions] ''Proceedings of the Annual Research Sessions, University of Peradeniya'' 7 (October 30, 2004): 54. Retrieved June 30, 2022.</ref>
-Subsequently, UGC has made few amendments to the Regulation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/page/Ragging-Related-Circulars.aspx|title=University Grants commission ::Ragging Related Circulars|website=www.ugc.ac.in}}</ref> As per these,
+Although ragging is a criminal offense in Sri Lanka under the Prohibition of Ragging and other Forms of Violence in Educational institutions Act, No. 20 of 1998 and carries a severe punishment,<ref>[https://www.lawnet.gov.lk/prohibition-of-ragging-and-other-forms-of-violence-in-educational-institutions-2/ Prohibition Of Ragging And Other Forms Of Violence In Educational Institutions] ''Ministry of Justice - Sri Lanka''. Retrieved June 30, 2022.</ref> several variations of ragging can be observed in universities around the country. Through the years this practice has worsened to all types of violence including sexual violence, harassment and has also claimed the lives of several students. The University Grants Commission of Sri Lanka, have set up several pathways to report ragging incidents, including a special office, helpline and a mobile app where students can make a complaint anonymously or seek help.<ref>[https://studentlanka.com/2019/07/02/ragging-in-sri-lankan-universities/ Ragging in Sri Lankan Universities] ''Student Sri Lanka'', July 2, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2022.</ref>
-# It is no longer required to get the verification of the affidavit done by an oath commissioner.
-# The definition of ragging is updated to read: "Any act of physical or mental abuse (including bullying and exclusion) targeted at another student (fresher or otherwise) on the ground of colour, race, religion, caste, ethnicity, gender (including transgender), sexual orientation, appearance, nationality, regional origins, linguistic identity, place of birth, place of residence or economic background."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/7823260_Anti-Ragging-3rd-Amendment.pdf |title=Anti-ragging 3rd amendment |publisher=www.ugc.ac.in |access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>
-; Anti-ragging movement in India
-With the situation of ragging worsening yearly, there is emerging a spontaneous anti-ragging movement in India. Several voluntary organisations have emerged, who conduct drives for public awareness and arrange for support to victims.
-Online groups like [[Coalition to Uproot Ragging from Education]] (CURE), Stopragging, No Ragging Foundation became the major anti-ragging groups on the Internet. Among them, the No Ragging Foundation has transformed into a complete NGO and got registered as [[Society Against Violence in Education]] (SAVE) which is India's first registered anti-ragging nonprofit organisation (NGO).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.no2ragging.org/index.html |title=SAVE Homepage |publisher=www.no2ragging.org |date=1 January 1980 |access-date=1 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indymedia.org/pt/2007/04/884059.shtml |title=Independent Media Center |publisher=Indymedia.org |access-date=1 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
- | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070702/asp/calcutta/story_8001208.asp
- | title = Taut rein on ragging- CAMPAIGN AT COUNSELLING SESSION
- |date=2 July 2007
- | publisher = [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]
- | location=Calcutta, India
-}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
- | url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/business-student-alleges-ragging-blinded/90019-3.html
- | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140810170002/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/business-student-alleges-ragging-blinded/90019-3.html
- | url-status = dead
- | archive-date = 10 August 2014
- | title = Business student alleges ragging, 'blinded'
- |date=12 April 2009
- | publisher = [[CNN-IBN]]
- | location=New Delhi, India
-}}</ref>
-The Indian media has exposed ragging incidents and the indifference of many concerned institutions towards curbing the act. The Supreme Court of India has directed, in its interim judgement, that action may be taken against negligent institutions.<ref name=SCMay2007/>
-===Portugal===
-; Criticism
-However, the civilised [[post-modern]] ''Praxe Académica'' has been corrupted, misused, and abused by some groups of students, regardless of whether they belong to [[list of higher education institutions in Portugal|large ancient institutions or to the smaller ones]].  Some Praxe rituals have been accused of going against the principles set in the modern codes of the praxe,<ref name="green"/> more akin to [[hazing]]-like sadistic practices meant to humiliate and demean the freshmen.
-The tone of criticism around ''Praxe'', however, may sometimes reach levels of "excessive humour",<ref>5meianoite (5Feb2014), ''[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j6nVjsGXBoQ "DUX" - José Pedro Vasconcelos - 5 Para a Meia Noite]'', humour video RTP1-directo, uploaded to YouTube by 5meianoite user</ref> in response to what happens with excessive ''Praxe'' practices.<ref>Andreia Sanches, Catarina Gomes (22Jan2014), ''[http://www.publico.pt/sociedade/noticia/investigacao-ao-acidente-do-meco-muda-de-maos-e-passa-a-estar-em-segredo-de-justica-1620599 Investigação ao acidente do Meco muda de mãos e passa a estar em segredo de justiça]'' (6 died), in journal "Publico.pt", 2014</ref>
-; Judicial proceedings
-In the 2000s, the Ministry of Higher Education, [[Mariano Gago]], was called by students who wished to see justice applied against abusers, as the institutions themselves ignored their complaints. The first case of abuse in the ''Praxe'' involving court action against 6 perpetrators, happened in 2003 at an agricultural [[polytechnic (Portugal)|polytechnic]] institution from [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]] – the ''Escola Agrária de Santarém of the [[Instituto Politécnico de Santarém]]'' involving – among other things – forced facial contact with pig excrement. Driven by a driver of the polytechnic, a van from the school was used in the process. In 2008, the students were convicted of the crimes of bodily harm and coercion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jn.pt/PaginaInicial/Policia/Interior.aspx?content_id=1325034 |url-status=dead|title= Relação de Évora condena praxes violentas|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002124317/http://www.jn.pt/PaginaInicial/Policia/Interior.aspx?content_id=1325034 |archivedate=2 October 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> Other noted case happened in [[Bragança Municipality|Bragança]] at the ''Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão of the [[Instituto Politécnico de Bragança]]''.<ref>Fernando Basto, [https://jn.sapo.pt/2005/11/22/sociedade/praxe_santarem_ser_primeiro_caso_tri.html Praxe de Santarém vai ser primeiro caso em tribunal], ''[[Jornal de Notícias]]'' (22 November 2005)</ref> Other case involved a female student of the [[Instituto Piaget]], a private higher education institution – in December 2008, the court required the Instituto Piaget to pay nearly 40,000 euros to the student.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ultimahora.publico.clix.pt/noticia.aspx?id=1352180&idCanal=58|title=Piaget condenado a pagar 40 mil euros a aluna vítima de praxe]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209042646/http://ultimahora.publico.clix.pt/noticia.aspx?id=1352180&idCanal=58|date=9 December 2008|archive-date=9 December 2008|work=[[Público (Portugal)|Público]]|accessdate=9 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-Among the sadistic practices sometimes found in praxe, specific humiliations of the freshmen by older students are the most common, such as by forcing them to perform large numbers of push ups, "kiss the ground", or stand in uncomfortable positions for prolonged amounts of time.<ref>[http://www.noticiasdevilareal.com/noticias/listar_detalhes.php?id=2415 News Article on Praxe] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105191147/http://www.noticiasdevilareal.com/noticias/listar_detalhes.php?id=2415 |date=5 November 2007 }} {{in lang|pt}}</ref> There are also more extreme events, such as accounts of violence, for instance, when two freshmen from the [[University of Coimbra]] were assaulted by older students, which created a strong wave of criticism inside the [[Associação Académica de Coimbra]].<ref name="black"/><ref>[http://www.portugaldiario.iol.pt/noticia.php?id=809413&div_id=291 Another news report on the same assault] {{in lang|pt}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2009}} In another case, eight freshmen had to hide from a mob of older students to avoid being hurt (incident which later resulted in police intervention).<ref>[http://sic.aeiou.pt/online/arquivo/2007/10/vida/1/Praxe+violenta.htm SIC news report on the incident]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|pt}}</ref> {{Failed verification|date=October 2009}} There are also instances where sexual acts are simulated between older students and freshmen, the older students taking the form of the active participant.<ref>[http://adsl.tvtel.pt/antipodas/imagens.htm Antipodas Anti Praxe Movement] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025070635/http://adsl.tvtel.pt/antipodas/imagens.htm |date=25 October 2007 }} {{in lang|pt}}</ref> Not participating in the praxe also warrants consequences to the freshman in question, such as not being able to participate in praxe-related traditions and activities and being actively discriminated from academic life, as freshmen are encouraged to set aside and discriminate those who are anti-praxe.<ref name="turlte">[http://www.aaum.pt/images/Docs/CodigodaPraxe.pdf Code of the Praxe] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218200425/http://www.aaum.pt/images/Docs/CodigodaPraxe.pdf |date=18 February 2008 }} {{in lang|pt}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2009}}
-In 2001 Diogo Macedo, a 4th year Architecture student of the Universidade Lusíada of Vila Nova de Famalicão would die from wounds resulting of massive trauma to his spine which the coroner would rule as having been dealt by a blunt object during a praxe event.
-Judicial proceedings would come to find that the university was guilty of not supervising such events on campus grounds and award the parents of the deceased student 90,000 euros. Two suspects were arraigned as defendants but in 2004 the case would be closed due to insufficient evidence to proceed any further.
-<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jn.pt/sociedade/interior/universidade-paga-indemnizacao-por-morte-de-aluno-em-praxe-1373990.html|title=Universidade paga indemnização por morte de aluno em praxe|website=www.jn.pt|accessdate=9 May 2019}}</ref>
-On the night of 15 December 2013, six members of an academic troupe of the Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias would drown after being caught by a rogue wave on the Meco beach with the sole survivor, João Gouveia, Dux Veteranorum of the Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias of Lisbon alleging temporary amnesia regarding the events, over allegations of the students having been caught by the wave while performing a ritual related to praxe and academic tradition João Gouveia would go on to be judged as to whether he was guilty of reckless endangerment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tsf.pt/vida/interior/afogamento-dos-estudantes-do-meco-gera-muitas-perguntas-sem-resposta-3643403.html|title=Afogamento dos estudantes do Meco gera muitas perguntas sem resposta|website=www.tsf.pt|accessdate=9 May 2019}}</ref>
-On 23 April 2014, during an in praxe course face off between Informatics Engineering students and Medicine students at Gualtar Campus, part of Universidade do Minho, four freshmen of Informatics Engineering climbed a 4 meter wide by one and a half meter tall concrete wall to celebrate their victory. The wall end up collapsing in a few seconds, crushing to death three other Informatics Engineering male students between the ages of 18 and 21, that were standing at the bottom. The veteran students present were accused of homicide by negligence from the Public Ministry, but end up being absolved by the Braga Court.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cmjornal.pt/portugal/detalhe/alerta-cm—alunos-da-universidade-do-minho-absolvidos-por-morte-de-colegas|title=Alunos da Universidade do Minho absolvidos por mortes de colegas|website=www.cmjornal.pt|accessdate=16 November 2019}}</ref>
-On the night of 23 September 2015 a female freshman of the Universidade do Algarve would end up being hospitalized in an alcoholic coma, after hazing rituals in Faro which involved burying the freshmen in the beach and forcing them to drink alcoholic beverages. After the event the university started an internal investigation to determine disciplinary procedures to those involved. The state prosecution proceeded to open an inquiry regarding the events.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dn.pt/inicio/portugal/interior.aspx?content_id=4798916&page=1 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=27 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928003603/http://www.dn.pt/inicio/portugal/interior.aspx?content_id=4798916&page=1 |archivedate=28 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}
-</ref>
-===Sri Lanka===
-;Major incidents
-*In 1974, ragging of trainee mathematics teachers at the then [[University of Kelaniya|Vidyalankara University]] (now University of Kelaniya) prompted Prime Minister [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]'s Government to appoint V. W. Kularatne Commission to probe the incident. As a result, 12 undergraduates were expelled and four officials were penalized for their failure to take appropriate action. This was the first major step taken against university ragging by a Sri Lankan government.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.island.lk/2002/11/17/news10.html |title=Death of V. W. Kularatne |work=The Island |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021120143918/http://www.island.lk:80/2002/11/17/news10.html |archive-date=20 November 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.island.lk/2003/11/13/opinio07.html |title=V. W. Kularatne - J.P. U.M. |work=The Island |type=Opinion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022031030/http://www.island.lk/2003/11/13/opinio07.html |archive-date=22 October 2012}}</ref>
-*In 1975, the [[University of Peradeniya]] reported the first ragging-related death when a 22-year-old female student of the [[Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya|Faculty of Agriculture]], Rupa Rathnaseeli became paralyzed as a result of jumping from the second floor of the hostel Ramanathan Hall to escape the physical ragging carried out by her seniors. It was reported that she was about to be sexually penetrated by a foreign object as part of the ragging initiation – she jumped out of the hostel building to escape the abuse.<ref name="thesundayleader">[http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2011/03/27/ragging-%E2%80%93-my-experience/ Ragging – My Experience] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221753/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2011/03/27/ragging-%E2%80%93-my-experience/ |date=2013-12-17 }}</ref> Rupa Rathnaseeli committed suicide in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.island.lk/2003/01/11//news01.html |title=Campus hall stormed: academics held hostage |work=The Island |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030417163842/http://www.island.lk/2003/01/11/news01.html |archive-date=17 April 2003}}</ref>
-*Prasanga Niroshana, a student from Hakmana, died as a result of undisclosed injuries he sustained from ragging at the School of Agriculture, Angunakolapallassa.{{ref label|a|a|none}}
-*In 1997, 21-year-old S. Varapragash, an engineering student of [[University of Peradeniya]], died from kidney failure following severe ragging by senior students.<ref>[http://noragnofear.com/index.html Death of S. Varapragash] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228191019/http://noragnofear.com/index.html |date=2009-02-28 }}</ref>
-*In 1997, Kelum Thushara Wijetunge, a first-year student at the Hardy Technical institute in Ampara, died from kidney failure after he was forced to do tough exercises and drink excessive quantities of liquor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/980104/news2.html |title=A total ban on ragging |work=The Sunday Times |location=Sri Lanka}}</ref>
-*In 2002, [[Samantha Vithanage]], a third-year management student at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, who pioneered an anti-ragging campaign, was killed at a meeting while in a discussion on ragging after being surrounded by a mob of 200, being struck with shards of glass, & then having a computer monitor dropped on his head— resulting in his death 2 days later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.groundviews.org/2009/11/30/ragging-in-our-universities-a-symptom-or-a-disease/|title=Ragging in our universities: A symptom or a disease? – Groundviews|date=30 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2002/12/jvp-d02.html|title=JVP-inspired violence leads to crackdown on Sri Lanka campuses|first=Nanda|last=Wickramasinghe|website=www.wsws.org}}</ref>
-*In 2006, Prof. Chandima Wijebandara, the vice-chancellor of [[University of Sri Jayewardenepura]], resigned from his post as a result of students failing to comply with his orders to eliminate ragging from the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rivira.lk/2010/02/07/rivinetha6.htm|title=A discussion with Prof.Chandima Wijebandara}}</ref>
-*In 2014, the body of a student, D. K. Nishantha, was found hanging from a tree within the premises of the University of Peradeniya, in a shrubbery area located not far from the Marcus Fernando Boys' Hostel. According to police reports, the young man had been a witness to the sexual assault of his friend which took place in 2010, perpetrated by several other students residing in the dorm. Police stated that D. K. Nishantha had not attended the university since the time of the alleged sex abuse case. The death was later ruled a suicide.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hirunews.lk/77105/video-update-death-peradeniya-student-suicide|title=Video : UPDATE: Death of Peradeniya student a suicide|newspaper=Hiru News|access-date=2017-02-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newsfirst.lk/english/2014/02/peradiniya-student-suicide-shocking-new-information-revealed/19603|title=Peradiniya student suicide: Shocking new information revealed|date=2014-02-11|newspaper=Sri Lanka News|access-date=2017-02-26|language=en-US}}</ref>
-*In 2015, a 23-year-old student of the Sabaragamuwa University, Amali Chathurika suicide due to ragging <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hirunews.lk/goldfmnews/103692/update-sabaragamuwa-uni-student-writes-before-committing-suicide-to-allow-any-fellow-students-participate-in-her-funeral|title=Update : Sabaragamuwa Uni. student writes before committing suicide not to allow any fellow students to participate in her funeral|website=Hiru News}}</ref>
-*In 2019, Dilhan Wijesinghe a 23-year-old student of the University of Moratuwa committed suicide due to ragging. He was previously studying in the University of Jaffna where he was subjected to physical ragging and then received a transfer to the University of Moratuwa. Unfortunately the ragging at the University of Moratuwa was more severe and he could no longer tolerate the ragging and committed suicide.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/190407/news/hounded-to-death-by-campus-tormentors-343912.html|title=Hounded to death by campus tormentors |work=The Sunday Times |location=Sri Lanka}}</ref>
-;Legal framework
-The human rights of citizens of Sri Lanka are protected in terms of the [[Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka]] which is the supreme law in the country. According to this Constitution, any citizen can produce a petition to the Supreme Court in terms of the article 126 of the Constitution in case of a human right violation or a case closer to the infringement. The Constitution further highlights ruthless, brutal or contemptuous treatment to any party by another as a violation of human rights.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2008/06/29/fea01.asp|work=Sunday Observer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615174822/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2008/06/29/fea01.asp|url-status=dead|title=Legal framework on university ragging|archive-date=June 15, 2009}}</ref> University students are also considered as citizens and are subjugated to the Common Law that prevails in the country. Accordingly, the constitutional constrains specified above are equally applicable to university students. Any form of civil or criminal offence executed by them are liable to be punished and in an instance of violation of such rights committed by university students, they shall be produced before the relevant court and subject to suitable punishment that followed by the trial. After the series of ragging-related incidents happened in 1997, ''Prohibition of Ragging and Other Forms of Violence in Educational Institutions Act, No. 20 of 1998''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commonlii.org/lk/legis/num_act/poraofovieia20o1998797/|title=Prohibition Of Ragging And Other Forms Of Violence In Educational Institutions Act (No. 20 of 1998)|website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref> was passed in the Sri Lankan parliament. As specified in the detailed note of the Act, it is identified as an Act to eliminate ragging and other forms of violent and cruel [[inhuman or degrading treatment|inhuman and degrading treatment]] from educational institutions. The Act specifies the relevant Higher Educational Institutions coming under the Act and that includes all the Higher Educational Institutions established under the Universities Act No. 16 of 1978.
-;Anti-ragging movement
-Unlike in [[India]], there is no official anti-ragging movement in Sri Lanka. But with the situation of ragging worsening yearly, there is a spontaneously emerging anti-ragging movement in each and every faculty of the universities that ragging exists.  In the case of [[University of Peradeniya]], the largest university in Sri Lanka, anti-ragging movement emerged in the year 1996. Prior to that, there was no movement against ragging, but certain individuals managed escape from the ragging. In the meantime, anti-ragging movements started to appear in all other universities. Several faculties in several universities have become rag-free due to these movements, strengthened laws as well as practical difficulties in conducting ragging such as not providing accommodation facilities to the first-year students.  Internal clashes have erupted several times due to the friction between ragging and anti-ragging movements, best example being Samantha Vithanage, a third-year management student at the [[University of Sri Jayewardenepura]], who pioneered an anti-ragging campaign that was killed at a meeting while in a discussion about ragging. The higher education minister at the time, [[S. B. Dissanayake]], stressed that firm action will be taken against those who are found guilty of such activities in future and would be expelled from the university.<ref>[http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2010/07/18/ragging-to-be-whipped/ Ragging To Be Whipped]</ref> In December 2011, he claimed that the levels of ragging has gone down drastically in the recent times and "only Peradeniya and Ruhuna are still affected by this 'malaise{{'"}}.<ref name="damlkn">{{cite news | url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2011/12/16/news32.asp | title=Ragging in its death throes - SB | work=Daily News | date=December 16, 2011 | access-date=January 2, 2012 | author=Abeyratne, Dharma Sri | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109014819/http://www.dailynews.lk/2011/12/16/news32.asp | archive-date=January 9, 2012 }}</ref>
-==Notable examples==
-{{further|List of hazing deaths in the United States|Ragging in India|Ragging in Sri Lanka#Major incidents|List of hazing deaths in the Philippines}}With hazing, there have been countless instances where it has been taken too far and has resulted in death or near death experiences. Sometimes people who haze others are too involved in the act of doing it that they are not attentive to possible harm to the other person.
-*'''1495''': [[Leipzig University]] banned the hazing of [[freshmen]] by other students: "Statute Forbidding Any One to Annoy or Unduly Injure the Freshmen. Each and every one attached to this university is forbidden to offend with insult, torment, harass, drench with water or urine, throw on or defile with dust or any filth, mock by whistling, cry at them with a terrifying voice, or dare to molest in any way whatsoever physically or severely, any, who are called freshmen, in the market, streets, courts, colleges and living houses, or any place whatsoever, and particularly in the present college, when they have entered in order to matriculate or are leaving after matriculation."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://askthepast.blogspot.com/2013/08/how-to-treat-freshmen-1495.html|title=Ask the Past: How to Treat the Freshmen [sic], 1495|work=Ask the Past|date=2013-08-26}}</ref>
-*'''1684''': [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], a [[Harvard University|Harvard]] Student, Joseph Webb, was expelled for hazing.<ref>{{citation|first=John Langdon |last=Sibley| title=Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University, Volume 3 1678–1689. | page=303|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MR05AAAAMAAJ&q=%22joseph+webb%22+harvard&pg=PA303|year=1885}}</ref>
-*'''1873''': a ''[[New York Times]]'' headline read: "[[West Point]]. 'Hazing' at the Academy&nbsp;– An Evil That Should be Entirely Rooted Out"<ref>{{cite news| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A04E4DA1439E43BBC4F53DFB0668388669FDE | work=The New York Times | title=WEST POINT.; "Hazing" at the Academy—An Evil That Should be Entirely Rooted Out— A Plea for the Strangers | date=7 June 1873}}</ref>
-*'''1900''': Oscar Booz began at West Point in June 1898 in good physical health. Four months later, he resigned due to health problems. He died in December 1900 of [[tuberculosis]]. During his long struggle with the illness, he blamed the illness on hazing he received at West Point in 1898, claiming he had hot sauce poured down his throat on three occasions as well as a number of other grueling hazing practices, such as brutal beatings and having hot wax poured on him in the night. His family claimed that scarring from the hot sauce made him more susceptible to the infection, causing his death. Among other things, Booz claimed that his devotion to Christianity made him a target and that he was tormented for reading his Bible.<ref name="San Francisco">{{cite news|title=Father of the victim testifies that his wrote it was hard to be a Christian at West Point|url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19001218.2.12|agency=San Francisco Call|date=December 18, 1900}}</ref>
-The practice of hazing at West Point entered the national spotlight following his death. Congressional hearings investigated his death and the pattern of systemic hazing of first-year students, and serious efforts were made to reform the system and end hazing at West Point.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citadel.edu/english/bullies&cowards.html|title=Bullies and Cowards: The West Point Hazing Scandal 1898–1901|publisher=Greenwood Press|access-date=31 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="Ambrose">{{cite book|last1=Ambrose|first1=Stephen|title=Duty, Honor, Country. A History of West Point|date=1966|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|isbn=978-0-8018-6293-9|page=277}}</ref><ref name="Booz">{{cite news|last1=Hill|first1=Michael|title=West Point Orders About-Face on 108-Year Tradition of Hazing Cadets|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-11-18/news/mn-6568_1_west-point|agency=Los Angeles Times|date=November 18, 1990}}</ref>
-*'''1903''': Three young boys in [[Vermont]], aged 11, 10, and 7, read about hazing practices in college and decided to try it themselves. They built a fire in a pasture behind the schoolhouse and led 9-year-old Ralph Canning to the spot. They heated a number of stones until they were red hot. The boys forced Canning to both sit and stand on the hot stones and held him there despite his screams. The boys then either walked or jumped on him (depending on the source). He was finally allowed to leave and he crawled home, where he died two weeks later. The public was stunned by the young age of the perpetrators.<ref name="Canning">{{cite news|title=Many are badly injured, some of victims disfigured, cases of hazing at girls schools|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/63185581|agency=The Topeka Daily Capital|date=January 14, 1906|page=1}}</ref>
-*'''1925''': The tradition of "tubbing" came under fire following the death of Reginald Stringfellow at the [[University of Utah]]. Tubbing was a hazing ritual that involved pushing the victim's head under water until they can no longer hold their breath and gasp for air under the water. His death through class hazing&nbsp;– hazing of freshmen by upperclassmen&nbsp;– led to the practice being banned at the University of Utah and brought greater recognition to the dangers of the practice.<ref name="Stanford">{{cite web|title=Nowadays We'd Call It 'Waterboarding'|url=https://alumni.stanford.edu/get/page/magazine/article/?article_id=45331|website=Stanford Magazine|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Ogden">{{cite news|title=Students to cease tubbing: hazing practice abolished following death of freshman|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/27049422|agency=The Ogden Standard-Examiner|date=January 10, 1925|page=3}}</ref>
-*'''1959''': [[University of Southern California]] pledge Richard Swanson choked to death during a hazing stunt for [[Kappa Sigma]] fraternity. Pledges were told to swallow a quarter pound piece of raw liver soaked in oil without chewing. The liver became lodged in his throat and he began choking. The fraternity brothers omitted the cause of his trouble breathing, telling police and ambulance workers instead that he was suffering from a "nervous spasm". He died two hours later.<ref name="Swanson">{{cite news|title=Hazing death investigation is demanded|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19590918&id=zP9XAAAAIBAJ&pg=5359,4516766|agency=Spokane Daily Chronicle|date=September 18, 1959}}</ref> The incident inspired the 1977 film ''[[Fraternity Row (film)|Fraternity Row]]'' as well as an episode of ''CSI: Crime Scene Investigation'' called ''Pledging Mr. Johnson''.<ref name="Hank">{{cite book|last1=Nuwer|first1=Hank|title=The Hazing Reader|date=January 29, 2004|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253343703|page=XXVI}}</ref>
-*'''1967''': [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]], Yale University. Future US president [[George W. Bush]] (who at the time was president of the fraternity) was implicated in a scandal where members of the DKE fraternity were accused of branding triangles onto the lower back of pledges. Mr. Bush is quoted as dismissing the injuries as "only a cigarette burn". The fraternity received a fine for their behavior.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/07/opinion/liberties-president-frat-boy.html | title=Liberties; President Frat Boy?| newspaper=The New York Times| date=1999-04-07| last1=Dowd| first1=Maureen}}</ref>
-*'''1974''': Pledge William Flowers, along with other pledges, was digging a deep hole in the sand (said to be a symbolic grave), when the walls collapsed and Flowers was buried, causing his death. His death spurred an anti-hazing statute in New York.<ref name="Rangel">{{cite news|last1=Rangel|first1=Jesus|title=15 Indicted in Rutgers Hazing Death|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/04/nyregion/15-indicted-in-rutgers-hazing-death.html|agency=New York Times|date=May 4, 1988}}</ref> Flowers would have been the first black member of [[Zeta Beta Tau]] at Monmouth had he survived.<ref name="Flowers 2">{{cite news|title=Hazing death brings call for ending fraternities|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/19569705|agency=The Anniston Star|date=November 24, 1974|page=3}}</ref>
-*'''1975''': Rupa Rathnaseeli, a 22-year-old student of the [[Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya]], [[Sri Lanka]], became paralyzed as a result of jumping from the second floor of the hostel "Ramanathan Hall" to escape the physical [[ragging]] carried out by older students. It was reported that she was about to have a candle inserted into her vagina just before she had jumped out of the hostel building.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2011/03/27/ragging-%E2%80%93-my-experience/|title=Ragging – My Experience|newspaper=The Sunday Leader|location=Ratmalana, Sri Lanka|first=Brian|last=Senewiratne|access-date=December 17, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221753/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2011/03/27/ragging-%E2%80%93-my-experience/|archive-date=December 17, 2013}}</ref> She committed suicide in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.island.lk/2003/01/11//news01.html|title= Campus hall stormed: academics held hostage|first=Kalinga|last= Weerakkody|date= January 11, 2003}}</ref>
-*'''1978''': At [[Alfred University]] in western New York, student Chuck Stenzel died in a fraternity hazing incident from aspirated vomit while passed out following an evening of drinking at [[Klan Alpine]] fraternity. He had been transported to the frat house in a car trunk along with two other pledges. Following his death, his mother formed CHUCK, the Committee to Halt Useless College Killings to help stop hazing practices on college campuses.<ref name="Stevens">{{cite news|title=Hazed and Accused|url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/photogallery/hazed-and-accused.html?curPhoto=21|access-date=7 August 2014|agency=Crime Library|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403173653/http://www.crimelibrary.com/photogallery/hazed-and-accused.html?curPhoto=21|archive-date=3 April 2014}}</ref>
-*'''1993–2007''': in Indonesia, 35 people died as a result of hazing initiation rites in the Institute of Public Service (IPDN). The most recent was in April 2007 when [[Cliff Muntu]] died after being beaten by the seniors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&u=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.detik.com%2Findex.php%2FdetikDatik.read%2Ftahun%2F2007%2Fbulan%2F04%2Ftgl%2F09%2Ftime%2F101747%2Fidnews%2F764475%2Fidkanal%2F10&act=url |title=Inu Kencana, Whistleblower from IPDN|first=Nurul|last= Hidayati|work=detiknews}}</ref>
-*'''1997''': Selvanayagam Varapragash, a first-year engineering student at [[University of Peradeniya]], was murdered on the campus due to hazing. He was subjected to sadistic [[ragging]] and in the post-mortem a large quantity of toothpaste was found in his rectum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/02/deplorable-conditions-of-sri-lankan.html|title=Deplorable Conditions of the Sri Lankan Universities - Sri Lanka Guardian|work=srilankaguardian.org}}</ref>
-*'''1997''': During the hazing period of a Dutch fraternity, a pledge was run over by members when he was sleeping drunk in the grass. A few weeks later, a pledge, [[Reinout Pfeiffer]], died after drinking a large quantity of [[jenever]] as part of an initiation ritual for his student house attached to the same fraternity. These incidents prompted Dutch fraternities to regulate their hazing rituals more strictly.
-*'''2004''': In [[Sandwich, Massachusetts]], nine high school football players faced felony charges after a freshman teammate lost his spleen in a hazing ritual.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ebbert|first= Stephanie, Globe Staff. |url=http://www.boston.com/news/education/k_12/articles/2004/09/17/nine_players_suspended_in_football_hazing_injury?pg=full|title=Nine players suspended in football hazing injury|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|date= September 17, 2004|access-date= 27 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/595093636/|title=High school athletes face charges in hazing incident|newspaper=[[Deseret News]]|agency=Associated Press|date= September 24, 2004|access-date=27 May 2013|location=Salt Lake City, UT}}</ref>
-*'''2004''': On September 16, 2004, Lynn Gordon Baily Jr died at the age of 18 during a hazing ritual that he participated in. He was a part of the [[Chi Psi]] fraternity at the [[University of Colorado]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Schuermann|first1=Pete|title=Haze|url=http://www.documentarystorm.com/haze/Service|date=October 11, 2013}}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
-*'''2005''': Matthew Carrington was killed at [[California State University, Chico|Chico State University]] during a hazing activity on February 2, 2005.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Korry|first1=Elaine|title=A fraternity hazing gone wrong|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5012154|agency=NPR|date=November 14, 2005}}</ref> [[Matt's Law]], named in Carrington's memory, was passed by the California legislature into law to eliminate hazing in California.<ref name="California">{{cite web|title=California Hazing Law|url=http://www.schoolviolencelaw.com/sites/default/files/Matt%27s_Law.pdf|website=Schoolviolencelaw.com|access-date=14 August 2014}}</ref>
-*'''2005''': A few months later, in May 2005, a Dutch student almost died from [[water intoxication]] after participating in a hazing [[drinking game]] in which the liquor was replaced by water.<ref>"Overzicht ontspoorde ontgroeningen in Nederland", ''De Volkskrant'', 23 October 2007 (in Dutch).</ref>
-*'''2005''': The victim of a high-profile hazing attack in Russia, [[Andrey Sychyov]], required the amputation of his legs and genitalia after he was forced to [[Squatting position|squat]] for four hours whilst being beaten and tortured by a military group on New Year's Eve, 2005. President [[Vladimir Putin]] spoke out about the incident and ordered Defense Minister [[Sergei Ivanov]] "to submit proposals on legal and organizational matters to improve educational work in the army and navy".<ref name="Peter Finn">{{cite news|last1=Finn|first1=Peter|title=Violent Bullying of Russian Conscripts Exposed|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/30/AR2006013000699.html|agency=Washington Post Foreign Service|date=January 30, 2006}}</ref>
-*'''2007''': At [[Rider University]], one fraternity pledge died and another was hospitalized with [[alcohol poisoning]], during what a judge called "knowingly or recklessly organized, promoted, facilitated or engaged in conduct which resulted in serious bodily injury". Five people were charged, including two university administrators.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/08/06/rider |title=Administrators Indicted in Hazing Death|date= August 6, 2007 |first=Jennifer |last=Epstein|work=Inside Higher Ed}}</ref>
-*'''2007''': On June 26 at the [[Tokitsukaze stable hazing scandal|Tokisukaze stable]], 17-year-old [[sumo]] wrestler Takashi Saito was beaten to death by his fellow [[rikishi]] with a beer bottle and metal baseball bat at the direction of his trainer, [[Futatsuryū Jun'ichi|Jun'ichi Yamamoto]]. Though originally reported as heart failure, Saito's father demanded an [[autopsy]], which uncovered evidence of the beating. Both Yamamoto and the other [[rikishi]] were charged with manslaughter.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sumo trainer jailed over killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8073297.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=6 May 2014|date=29 May 2009}}</ref>
-*'''2010''': In a hazing incident in the Netherlands, pledges were asked to 'baffle the members' with a stunt. They decided to do so by dressing one of them in a [[Sinterklaas]] costume, dousing the suit in lamp oil, and putting it on fire. The victim jumped in the water in his burning costume, and suffered second-degree burns needing medical treatment. The student who set the victim's costume on fire was sentenced to 50 hours of unpaid work.<ref>Zittingszaal 14, [https://robzijlstra.com/2010/10/12/lopend-vuurtje/ "Lopend vuurtje"] (in Dutch).</ref>
-*'''2011''': Two [[Andover High School (Massachusetts)|Andover High School]] basketball players were expelled and five were suspended for pressuring underclassmen to play "[[soggy biscuit|wet biscuit]]", where the loser was forced to eat a semen-soaked cookie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eagletribune.com/opinion/x910015271/Editorial-No-fix-to-end-Andover-hazing-scandal |title=Editorial: No 'fix' to end Andover hazing scandal|newspaper= Eagle-Tribune|location=North Andover, MA |publisher=Eagletribune.com |date=December 5, 2011 |access-date=2013-08-01}}</ref>
-*'''2011''': Thirteen students from [[Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University]] attacked [[Drum major (marching band)|drum major]] Robert Champion on a bus after a marching band performance, beating him to death. Since the 2011 death, a series of reports of abuse and hazing within the band have been documented. In May 2012, two faculty members resigned in connection with a hazing investigation and 13 people were charged with felony or misdemeanor hazing crimes. Eleven of those individuals faced one count of third-degree felony hazing resulting in death, which is punishable by up to six years in prison. The FAMU incident prompted [[Rick Scott|Florida Governor Rick Scott]] to order all state universities to examine their hazing and harassment policies in December. Scott also asked all university presidents to remind their students, faculty and staff "how detrimental hazing can be".<ref name="cnn.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/03/justice/florida-hazing-charges/index.html?hpt=us_c2 | work=CNN | title=9 charged with hazing at University of Florida fraternity | date=4 May 2012}}</ref>
-*'''2013''': Chun Hsien Deng, a freshman at [[Baruch College]], died during a hazing incident after he was blindfolded and made to wear a backpack weighted with sand while trying to make his way across a frozen yard as members of a fraternity, [[Pi Delta Psi]], tried to tackle him. During at least one tackle, he was lifted up and dropped on the ground in a move known as spearing. He complained his head hurt but continued participating and was eventually knocked out. After Mr. Deng was knocked unconscious, the authorities said the fraternity members delayed in seeking medical help.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/15/nyregion/5-from-baruch-college-face-murder-charges-in-2013-fraternity-hazing.html|title=5 From Baruch College Face Murder Charges in 2013 Fraternity Hazing|work=The New York Times| date=14 September 2015}}</ref>
-*'''2013''': Tyler Lawrence, a student at [[Wilmington College (Ohio)]], lost a testicle as a result of hazing after being forced to lie down nude on a basement floor wet with 3 inches of water, stuffed with hamburgers, then ball-gagged, and finally being hit in his scrotum with towels & shirts that were tied with balled ends or other objects. Despite being painfully injured, he was then forced to sit up & swallow vinegar soaked bananas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/frat-hazing-costs-pledge-a-testicle-687432|title=Fraternity Pledge Loses Testicle In Hazing Ritual|work=The Smoking Gun|date=2013-11-07}}</ref>
-*'''2014''': Seven members of the [[Sayreville War Memorial High School]] football team in [[Sayreville, New Jersey]], were arrested and charged with sexual assaults on younger players. "In the darkness, a freshman football player would be pinned to the locker-room floor, his arms and feet held down by multiple upperclassmen. Then, the victim would be lifted to his feet" and sexually abused.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/12/opinion/robbins-sayreville-football-sex-assault/ |publisher=CNN |title=Sayreville football team case went far beyond hazing |date=13 October 2014}}</ref> Six of the team members were sentenced for lesser crimes, and the seventh case was still pending in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nj.com/middlesex/index.ssf/2016/01/post_66.html |title=Meet the man who will prosecute 5 of N.J.'s most high profile cases in 2016 |first=Sue |last=Epstein |newspaper=The Star-Ledger |date=January 4, 2016 |access-date=April 2, 2016}}</ref>
-*'''2016''': In August 2016, a student in a Dutch fraternity suffered serious head injuries after a member forced him to lie on the floor, placed his foot on his head and exercised pressure on the skull. The perpetrator was convicted to a prison sentence of 31 days (of which 30 days conditional), 240 hours of unpaid labor, and €5,066.80 damage compensation to the victim.<ref>Rechtspraak.nl (in Dutch), https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:RBNNE:2017:4461</ref> The perpetrator appealed against this verdict, after which it was reduced in appeal to a fine of €1,000.
-*'''2016''': In December 2016, [[Newcastle University]] student Ed Farmer, 20, died from a cardiac arrest and immense brain damage after an initiation ceremony into the Agricultural Society. Events included head shaving, being sprayed with paint used to mark stock, drinking vodka from a pig's head, and bobbing for apples in a mixture of urine and alcohol.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-45979243|title=Ed Farmer Inquest|work=BBC News|date=25 October 2018|access-date=2019-06-09}}</ref> Farmer was known to have drunk 27 vodka shots in three hours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/ed-farmer-newcastle-university-parents-15337854|title=Heartbreak: Ed Farmer's parents tell of their last moments before turning off their son's life support machine|date=27 October 2018|access-date=2019-06-09}}</ref> Initiation ceremonies have been strictly banned by the university.
-*'''2017''': [[Death of Tim Piazza|Tim Piazza]] died as result of a hazing incident while pledging a fraternity at [[Pennsylvania State University]], where he was made to have 18 drinks in fewer than 1{{frac|1|2}} hours, then later fell headfirst onto a set of stairs. Despite observing grievous injuries to Piazza, fraternity brothers waited nearly 12 hours before calling for medical assistance. The Piazza case resulted in one of the largest hazing prosecutions in United States history.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Susan|last1=Snyder|first2=Angela|last2=Couloumbis|first3=Jeremy|last3=Roebuck|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/education/Students-charged-with-manslaughter-in-PSU-frat-death.html|title=Students charged with manslaughter in Penn State frat death|work=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=May 5, 2017|access-date=June 29, 2018}}</ref> Following a [[grand jury]] investigation, 18 members of the fraternity were charged in connection with Piazza's death: 8 were charged with [[manslaughter|involuntary manslaughter]] and the rest with other offenses, including hazing. In addition to the fraternity "brothers", the fraternity itself ([[Beta Theta Pi]]) was also charged.
-*'''2017''': Maxwell Gruver died, after having too much alcohol as a result of being forced to consume drinks every time he gave wrong answers regarding his fraternity (Louisiana State University, at 18 years old).<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/10/12/10-charged-lsu-students-hazing-death/757063001/|title=LSU student dies following hazing ritual, 10 charged|work=USA Today|access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref>
-*'''2017''': [[Andrew Coffey lawsuit|Andrew Coffey]], died after passing out following drinking an entire bottle of Wild Turkey bourbon (Florida State, at 20 years old).<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://time.com/5071813/fraternity-hazing-deaths-2017/|title='Those Families Are Changed Forever.' These Are the Students Who Died in Fraternity Hazing in 2017|website=Time|access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref>
-*'''2017''': Matthew Ellis, a Texas State student, died at 20 years old after an unnamed hazing ritual.<ref name=":02"/>
-*'''2018''': Three Flemish Belgian students, from the [[KULeuven]] were hospitalized after consuming a large amount of [[fish sauce]] as part of a hazing ritual. One slipped into a coma and died, likely due to a combination of the high concentration of [[salt]] in the sauce and [[hypothermia]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.dub.uu.nl/nl/nieuws/vlaamse-student-overleden-na-ontgroening-met-vissaus | title=Vlaamse student overleden na ontgroening met vissaus &#124; DUB}}</ref>
 ==Notes==
@@ Line 493: / Line 149: @@
 ==References==
-* {{cite journal |last=Thwing |first=C. F. |title=College Hazing |journal=Scribners Monthly |volume=17 |issue=3 |date=January 1879 |pages=331–334 }}
+* Aman, Reinhold (ed.). ''Maledicta 12''. Maledicta Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0916500320
-* {{cite book |last=Reeves |first=Madeleine |title=Border Work: Spatial Lives of the State in Rural Central Asia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014) |pages=184–197 }}
+* Cialdini, Robert. ''Influence: Science and Practice''. Allyn & Bacon, 2000. ISBN 978-0321011473
+* Nuwer, Hank. ''Wrongs of Passage: Fraternities, Sororities, Hazing, and Binge Drinking''. Indiana University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0253214980
-*{{cite journal | last1 = Cobb | first1 = L. Martin | first2 = Michael | last2 = McRee | title = Why We Should Close More Chapters | series = Spring | journal = Perspectives | volume = 2007 | pages = 4–8 | year = 2007 }}
+* Nuwer, Hank (ed.). ''The Hazing Reader''. Indiana University Press, 2004. ISBN  0253216540
-*{{cite book|last1=DeSousa|first1=D. Jason|last2=Michael V.W.|last3=Kimbrough|first3=Walter M.|editor-last=Nuwer|editor-first=Hank|title=The hazing reader|year=2004|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-21654-0|pages=106–109|chapter= Pledging and hazing in African-American fraternities and sororities}}
+* Sweet, Stephen. ''College and Society: An Introduction to the Sociological Imagination''. Pearson, 2001. ISBN 978-0205305568
-*{{cite journal | doi = 10.2224/sbp.2003.31.6.535 | last1 = Drout | first1 = Cheryl | last2 = Corsoro | first2 = Christie | title = Attitudes toward fraternity hazing among fraternity members, sorority members, and non-Greek students | journal = Social Behavior and Personality | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pages = 535 | year = 2003 }}
-*{{cite journal | last = Hollmann | first = Barbara B. | title = Hazing: Hidden Campus Crime | journal = New Directions for Student Services | volume = 2002 | issue = 99 | pages = 11–24 | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1002/ss.57 }}
-*{{cite book | last = Jones | first = Ricky L. | title = Black haze: violence, sacrifice, and manhood in Black Greek-letter fraternities | publisher = State University of New York Press | year = 2004 | location = Albany, NY | isbn = 978-0-7914-5976-8 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/blackhazeviolenc00jone_0 }}
-*{{cite book | last = Kimbrough | first = Walter M. | title = Black Greek 101 | publisher = Fairleigh Dickinson University Press | year = 2003 | location = London | isbn = 978-0-8386-4024-1}}
-*{{cite news | last1 = Marcus | first1 = J. | title = Driven by booze, hazing and sex | newspaper = Times Education Higher Supplement | volume = 1798 | pages = 10–11 | year = 2007 }}
-*{{cite book | editor-last = Parks | editor-first = Gregory S. | title = Black Greek-letter organizations in the twenty-first century | publisher = University Press of Kentucky | year = 2008 | location = Lexington, KY | isbn = 978-0-8131-2491-9}}
-*{{cite journal | last = Shonrock | first = Michael D. | title = Standards and Expectations for Greek Letter Organizations | journal = New Directions for Student Services | volume = 1998 | issue = 81 | pages = 79–85 | year = 1998 | doi = 10.1002/ss.8107 }}
-*{{cite journal | last1 = Taylor | first1 = K. | title = Is hazing harmless horseplay? | journal = Education Digest | volume = 67 | issue = 2 | pages = 25 | year = 2001 }}
-*{{cite journal | last1 = Whipple | first1 = Edward G. | last2 = Sullivan | first2 = Eileen G. | title = Greek Letter Organizations: Communities of Learners? | journal = New Directions for Student Services | volume = 1998 | issue = 81 | pages = 7–17 | year = 1998 | doi = 10.1002/ss.8101 }}
-* Thwing, C.F., "College Hazing", ''Scribners Monthly'', Vol.17, No.3, (January 1879), pp.&nbsp;331–334.
-*{{cite journal | last = Nuwer | first = Hank | title = Greek Letters Don't Justify Cult-Like Hazing of Pledges | journal = Chronicle of Higher Education | volume = 46 | issue = 14 | pages = B7 | year = 1999 | ref = Nuwer }}
-*{{cite journal| last = Smith | first = Emily | title = On Fraternities & Manliness | journal = New Criterion | volume = 33 | issue = 9 | pages = 61–63 | year = 2015 }}
-*{{cite journal| last = Godwin | first = Kimberly A. | title = The Influence of Standards on the College Fraternity Man: An Evaluative Study on the Impact of the 2004 Implementation of the North American Interfraternity Conference Standards for Member Organizations | journal = Academic Search Complete | pages = 210 | year = 2012 }}
 ==External links==
+All links retrieved June 30, 2022.
-* {{Curlie|Society/Issues/Violence_and_Abuse/Hazing|Hazing}}
+*[https://hazing.cornell.edu/ Hazing at Cornell]
-* [[IMDb]] references by the [https://us.imdb.com/find?s=all&q=hazing word] and [https://us.imdb.com/keyword/hazing/ keyword]
+*[https://stophazing.org/ Stop Hazing]
-* [http://corpun.com/webmisc.htm World Corporal Punishment Research] Corporal punishment as initiation
-*{{cite web | title = A revealing look at hidden rites | publisher = Cornell University | url = http://hazing.cornell.edu/cms/hazing/incidents/descriptions.cfm | access-date = 6 August 2010}}
-*{{cite web  | title = Anti-Hazing  | publisher = Anti-hazing.tripod.com  | url = http://anti-hazing.tripod.com/  | access-date = 31 May 2009  | url-status = dead  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040410161905/http://anti-hazing.tripod.com/  | archive-date = 10 April 2004  }}
-*{{cite book | last = Jones | first = Ricky L. | title = Black haze: violence, sacrifice, and manhood in Black Greek-letter fraternities | publisher = State University of New York Press | year = 2004 | location = Albany, NY | isbn = 978-0-7914-5976-8 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/blackhazeviolenc00jone_0 }}
-*{{cite book | last = Kimbrough | first = Walter M. | title = Black Greek 101 | publisher = Fairleigh Dickinson University Press | year = 2003 | location = London | isbn = 978-0-8386-4024-1}}
-*{{cite web | title = National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations By-Laws | publisher = National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations | year = 2008 | url = http://www.nalfo.org/images/stories/documents/NALFOBylawsAugust12008.rtf | format = [[Rich Text Format|RTF]] | access-date = 27 May 2009 }}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
-*{{cite web | title = National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations Shared Standards | publisher = National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations | year = 2008 | url = http://www.nalfo.org/images/stories/documents/NALFO_Shared_Standards.doc | format = [[DOC (computing)|DOC]] | access-date = 27 May 2009 }}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
-*{{cite web | title = NPHC Joint Position Hazing Statement 2003 | publisher = National Pan-Hellenic Council | year = 2003 | url = http://www.nphchq.org/docs/NPHCJointPositionStatementAgainstHazing2003.pdf | access-date = 27 May 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061212041403/http://www.nphchq.org/docs/NPHCJointPositionStatementAgainstHazing2003.pdf | archive-date = 12 December 2006 }}
-*{{cite book | editor-last=Nuwer|editor-first=Hank|title=The hazing reader|year=2004|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-21654-0}}
-*{{cite book | editor-last = Parks | editor-first = Gregory S. | title = Black Greek-letter organizations in the twenty-first century | publisher = University Press of Kentucky | year = 2008 | location = Lexington, KY | isbn = 978-0-8131-2491-9}}
-*{{cite web  | title = StopHazing.org — "Educating to Eliminate Hazing"  | publisher = StopHazing.org  | url = http://www.stophazing.org/  | access-date = 31 May 2009}}
-* [http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=165652 Ragging in Bangladesh]
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110818121801/http://india.liveoncampus.com/article/7323/Ragging-in-India.html Ragging in India- Menace]
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120730103525/http://www.newsbeats.in/technology/internet/kapil-sibal-launches-anti-ragging-website-antiragging-in/ Indian Government launch Anti Ragging website]
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130222111918/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-29/all-that-matters/28036730_1_hazing-death-sexual-abuse-football-players Ragging in USA]

Difference between revisions of "Hazing" - New World Encyclopedia

Revision as of 16:55, 30 June 2022

Psychology, sociology, purpose and effects

Methods

Scope

United States

Europe

Educational institutions

Military

Asia

Controversies and efforts to curtail hazing

United States

Europe

Asia

Notes

ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees

External links

Credits

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees