7 (number)

"Seven" redirects here.

7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 >> List of numbers — Integers 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 >>
Cardinal	7 seven
Ordinal	7th seventh
Numeral system	septenary
Factorization	prime
Divisors	1, 7
Roman numeral	VII
Roman numeral (Unicode)	Ⅶ, ⅶ
Amharic	፯
Indian	٧
Bengali	৭
Chinese numeral	七，柒
Devanāgarī	७
Hebrew	ז (Zayin)
Khmer	៧
Thai	๗
prefixes	hepta-/hept- (from Greek) septua- (from Latin)
Binary	111
Octal	7
Duodecimal	7
Hexadecimal	7

7 (seven) is a number, numeral, and glyph that represents the number. It is the natural number that follows 6 and precedes 8. It is an integer and a cardinal number, that is, a number that is used for counting. In addition, it is classified as a real number, distinguishing it from imaginary numbers.

Evolution of the glyph

In the beginning, various Hindus wrote 7 more or less in one stroke as a curve that looks like an uppercase J upside down. The main contribution of the western Ghubar Arabs was to make the longer line diagonal rather than straight, though they showed some tendencies to making the character more rectilinear. The eastern Arabs developed the character from a 6-look-alike into an uppercase V-look-alike. Both modern Arab forms influenced the European form, a two-stroke character consisting of a horizontal upper line joined at its right to a line going down to the bottom left corner, a line that is slightly curved in some font variants.

As was the case with the European glyph, the Cham and Khmer glyph for 7 also evolved to look like their glyph for 1, though in a different way, so they were also concerned about making their 7 more different. For the Khmer, this often involved adding a horizontal line above the glyph. This is analogous to the horizontal stroke through the middle that is sometimes used in handwriting in the Western world, but it is almost never used in computer fonts. This horizontal stroke is, however, important to distinguish the glyph for seven from the glyph for one in writings that use a long upstroke in the glyph for one.

On the seven-segment displays of pocket calculators and digital watches, 7 is the number with the most common glyph variation (0, 6 and 9 also have variant glyphs). Most calculators use three line segments, but in some brands of calculators, 7 is written with four line segments. The reason is that in Japan and Korea, 7 is written as ① in the illustration to the right.

While the shape of the 7 character has an ascender in most modern typefaces, in typefaces with text figures the character usually has a descender, for example, in .

Some people, especially in Europe and Latin America, write 7 with a line in the middle and make the top line crooked. The line through the middle is useful to clearly differentiate the character from the number one, as these can appear similar when written in certain styles of handwriting.

In mathematics

• Seven is a Mersenne prime, since 2³ - 1 = 7
• Seven is both a Carol number and a Kynea number
• Seven is the fourth prime number, the second lucky prime, and the second safe prime
• Seven is the first Newman-Shanks-Williams prime
• Seven is the first Woodall prime
• Seven is the fourth factorial prime
• Seven is the fourth Mersenne prime exponent
• Seven is the third Lucas prime
• Seven is the fourth self number
• Seven is the only number less than 15 that cannot be represented as the sum of the squares of three integers
• Seven is the smallest happy number, except for the trivial example of 1
• 7 is the only dimension, besides the familiar 3, in which a vector cross product can be defined
• 999,999 divided by 7 is exactly 142,857. Therefore, when a vulgar fraction with 7 in the denominator is converted to a decimal expansion, the result has the same six-digit repeating sequence after the decimal point, but the sequence can start with any of those six digits. For example, 1/7 = 0.142 857 142… and 2/7 = 0.285 714 285…

• A group of seven is called a heptad
• A seven-sided shape is a heptagon. The regular n-gons for n ≤ 6 can be constructed by compass and straightedge alone, but the regular heptagon cannot. Figurate numbers representing heptagons (including seven) are called heptagonal numbers. Seven is also a centered hexagonal number.
• There are seven frieze groups, the groups consisting of symmetries of the plane whose group of translations is isomorphic to the group of integers

In numeral systems

Base	Numeral system
2	binary	111
3	ternary	21
4	quaternary	13
5	quinary	12
6	senary	11
7	septenary	10
over 7 (octal, decimal, and so on)		7

In quaternary, 7 is the smallest prime with a composite sum of digits.

In the English language, 7 is the only 2-syllable natural, positive 1-digit number 7 is the 6th number of the alphabet

List of basic calculations

Multiplication

Multiplication	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
$7\times x$	7	14	21	28	35	42	49	56	63	70

Multiplication	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
$7\times x$	77	84	91	98	105	112	119	126	133	140

Multiplication	21	22	23	24	25		50	100	1000
$7\times x$	147	154	161	168	175		350	700	7000

Division

Division
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
$7\div x$
	7	3.5	$2.{\overline {3}}$	1.75	1.4	$1.1{\overline {6}}$	1	0.875	$0.{\overline {7}}$	0.7
$x\div 7$
	$0.{\overline {142857}}$	$0.{\overline {285714}}$	$0.{\overline {428571}}$	$0.{\overline {571428}}$	$0.{\overline {714285}}$	$0.{\overline {857142}}$	1	$1.{\overline {142857}}$	$1.{\overline {285714}}$	$1.{\overline {428571}}$

Division
	11	12	13	14	15
$7\div x$
	$0.{\overline {63}}$	$0.58{\overline {3}}$	$0.{\overline {538461}}$	0.5	$0.4{\overline {6}}$
$x\div 7$
	$1.{\overline {571428}}$	$1.{\overline {714285}}$	$1.{\overline {857142}}$	2	$2.{\overline {142857}}$

Exponentiation

Exponentiation	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
$7^{x}\,$	7	49	343	2401	16807	117649	823543	5764801	40353607	282475249
$x^{7}\,$	1	128	2187	16384	78125	279936	823543	2097152	4782969	10000000

Exponentiation	11	12	13
$7^{x}\,$	1977326743	13841287201	96889010407
$x^{7}\,$	19487171	35831808	62748517

In science

Physics

• Arranging particles by charge from negative to positive and interpreting their charges as integer multiples of an elementary charge e* (1/3 e) one gets the following seven charges realized in nature:

3. generation	τ-	anti-t	b-quark		anti-b	t-quark	τ+
2. generation	μ-	anti-c	s-quark		anti-s	c-quark	μ+
1. generation	e-	anti-u	d-quark		anti-d	u-quark	e+
0. generation				stem particle
charge	-3/3	-2/3	-1/3	0	+1/3	+2/3	+3/3
angular spin	-3	-2	-1	0	+1	+2	+3

It is obvious that a symmetry exists with no electromagnetic charge. It is assumed here, that the size of charge is linearly dependent on the number of quanta of angular spin generating it. In the state of symmetry no magnetic component is generated because no angular spin exists. A particle in such a supersymmetric state would be dark because it cannot electromagnetically interact. Breaking of supersymmetry of this topologically substructured superstring particle would be a change of its angular spin, generating corresponding particles of physics in dependence of the energy level. This angular spin not only generates charge but highly non-linearly also gravo-magnetic mass in dependence of string tension (energy). There seems to be only one generic unique geometry with a fixed functionality of a weak interacting superstring dark stem particle.(0. generation).

In generations one to three there are two sets of three physical particles with opposite charge according to the direction of angular spin. For all three generations only two geometrically and functionally identical dark stem particles exist. These only differ by their handedness, generating matter and antimatter particles on breaking of 0-spin symmetry.

The occurrence of matter and antimatter particles is asymmetric with respect to this symmetry, -3 -1 +2 for matter and -2 +1 +3 for antimatter. Both sets of three particles are arranged in a complementary way around the symmetry enabled by this global physical realization of the number seven. Thus the number seven only emerges as a complementary superposition of two sets of physical particles that are generated by breaking of a supersymmetric state. Nature only makes use of the symmetry provided by the number seven. It however does not actually realize it. Seven seems to be more 'constructed' by arranging two sets of entities representing the number three around a state of symmetry.

Chemistry

• 7 is the neutral pH value between acidity and alkalinity
• The atomic number of nitrogen is 7
• There are 7 carbon atoms in heptane, a hydrocarbon
• There are 7 periods, or horizontal rows of elements, in the periodic table

Biology

• Seven is the number of external holes in the human head: Two eyes, two nostrils, one mouth, two ears
• With few exceptions, there are seven bones in the neck of a mammal
• There are 7 spots on a common ladybug

Astronomy

• Seven stellar objects in the Solar System are visible to the naked eye: The Sun, the Moon and the five classical naked eye planets, namely, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn.
• The "seven sisters" (daughters of Atlas) is the name for a star cluster in Pleiades
• In Indian astronomy, seven saints appear in a constellation called "Saptharishi Mandalam"
• 7 main stars make up the constellation of The Big Dipper
• The Roman numeral VII (usually) stands for the seventh-discovered satellite of a planet or minor planet (for example, Jupiter VII)
• The Roman numeral VII stands for white dwarfs in the Yerkes spectral classification scheme
• The Saros number of the solar eclipse series that began on April 8, 2590 B.C.E. and ended on May 16, 1310 B.C.E. The duration of Saros series 7 was 1280.14 years, and it contained 72 solar eclipses.
• The Saros number of the lunar eclipse series that began on July 16, 2595 B.C.E. and ended on February 22, 1008 B.C.E. The duration of Saros series 7 was 1586.65 years, and it contained 89 lunar eclipses.

In technology

• 7 is the resin identification code used in recycling to identify "other" plastics such as polycarbonate
• In the ASCII character set, the bell character is 7
• For quality control in manufacturing, the Seven Tools of Quality are quantitative methods to identify problems and suggest ways of improvement
• Seven is the maximum number of VHF broadcast channels available in any TV market in the United States of America. They are channels 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 in the Greater New York City and Los Angeles-Long Beach SMSAs

• There are seven layers in the OSI model
• There are seven logic gates: NOT, AND, OR, NAND, XOR, NOR, XNOR
• The seven-segment display is an electronic device that uses seven individual segments to create one digit. It is used in display devices like digital clocks and some basic calculator screens, amongst others

In religion

Seven Days of Creation - 1765 book, title page

Judaism

• Seven is a highly symbolic number in the Torah, alluding to the infusion of spirituality and Godliness into the creation. Examples include:

1. God rested on and sanctified the seventh day (Shabbat)
2. A seven-day purification period is required for one who has become tamei to become tahor
3. The Shmita (Sabbatical) year arrives every seventh year
4. The Jubilee (Yovel) year comes after 7 times 7 years
5. The Counting of the Omer leading up to the Giving of the Torah is expressed as "7 times 7 weeks"
6. There are 7 days of Passover and Sukkot when celebrated in Israel
7. Shiv`a (another pronunciation of the Hebrew word for 7—(Hebrew: שבעה ; "seven")), is the number of days of mourning. Hence, one sits Shiva. As in Shiva (Judaism).

• The weekly Torah portion is divided into seven aliyahs, and seven men or boys over the age of 13 are called up for the reading of these aliyahs during Shabbat morning services.
• Seven blessings are recited under the chuppah during a Jewish wedding ceremony.
• A Jewish bride and groom are feted with seven days of festive meals after their wedding, known as Sheva Berachot ("Seven Blessings").
• The number of Ushpizzin (also known as the "Seven Shepherds") who visit the sukkah during the holiday of Sukkot: Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Moses, Aaron, and David.
• The number of nations God told the Israelites they would displace when they entered the land of Israel (Deut. 7:1): The Hittite, the Girgashite, the Amorite, the Canaanite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite.
• In Breslov tradition, the seven orifices of the face (2 eyes, 2 nostrils, 2 ears, and the mouth) are called "The Seven Candles."
• The menorah (Hebrew: מנורה), is a seven branched candelabrum lit by olive oil in the Tabernacle and the Temple in Jerusalem. The menorah is one of the oldest symbols of the Jewish people. It is said to symbolize the burning bush as seen by Moses on Mount Sinai (Exodus 25).
• The number of times Cain will be avenged by God if he is murdered (Gen 4:15)
• The Israelites circled Jericho for 7 days and then the wall tumbled down
• Yahweh or Jehovah is the divine name, whose letters' placed alphabetically equal 70, a product of the divine number 7

Christianity

• The Seven Sacraments in the Christian faith (though some traditions assign a different number)
• The Seven churches of Asia to which the "Book of Revelation" is addressed
• The Seven Joys of the Virgin Mary, of Roman Catholic, Anglican, and other traditions
• The Seven Sorrows of the Virgin Mary, of Roman Catholic, Anglican, and other traditions
• The Seven Corporal Acts of Mercy of Roman Catholic, Anglican, and other traditions
• The Seven Spiritual Acts of Mercy of Roman Catholic, Anglican, and other traditions
• The Seven last words (or seven last sayings) of Jesus on the cross
• The Seven Virtues: Chastity, temperance, charity, diligence, kindness, patience, and humility
• The Seven deadly sins: Lust, gluttony, greed, sloth, wrath, envy, and pride
• The seven terraces of Mount Purgatory (one per deadly sin)
• In the genealogy in the Gospel of Luke, Jesus is 77th in a direct line
• The number of heads of the three beasts (7*10*7+7*10*10+7*10=1260) of the Book of Revelation, and of some other monsters, like the hydra and the number of seals
• In the New Testament Gospel of Matthew 18:21, Jesus says to Peter to forgive seventy times seven times
• There are seven suicides mentioned in the Bible (Old Testament and New Testament)

Hinduism

• The Sanskrit word "sapta" refers to number seven
• Indian classical music has "sapta swaras," meaning seven octats (sa re ga ma pa dha ni), the basics of music, using which hundreds of Ragas are composed
• A celestial group of seven stars is named "Sapta Rishi," based on the seven great saints
• Seven Promises, Seven Rounds in a Hindu Wedding, and Seven Reincarnations
• As per Hindu mythology, there are seven worlds in the universe, seven seas in the world, and seven Rishies (seven gurus) called sapta rishis
• Seven hills at tirumala, also known as ezhu malaiyan, meaning Sevenhills god

Islam

• The number of ayat in surat al-Fatiha
• The number of heavens in Islamic tradition
• The number of Earths in Islamic tradition
• The number of circumambulations (Tawaf) that are made around the Kaaba
• The number of walks {Al-Safa and Al-Marwah) that is traveling back and forth seven times during the ritual pilgrimages of Hajj and Umrah
• The number of fires in hell; that is, the 7 fires of hell
• The number of doors to heaven and hell is also seven
• The total number of Prophets sent by God are 124000. The sum of 1+2+4=7.
• The number of followers to fight alongside Jesus Christ and Imam Mehdi against the anti-Christ/dajjal is 313. the sum 0f 3+1+3=7.
• The number 786, which in Islam is also used to denote "in the Name of Allah," sums 7+8+6=21 divisible by 7

Bahá'í Faith

• The mystical text "The Seven Valleys," by the Prophet-Founder Bahá'u'lláh, relates the journey of the soul through the seven "valleys" of Search, Love, Knowledge, Unity, Contentment, Wonderment, and finally True Poverty and Absolute Nothingness.

Other religions

• The number of Archangels according to some systems
• The minor symbol number of yang from the Taoist yin-yang
• The number of palms in an Egyptian Sacred Cubit
• The number of ranks in Mithraism
• The number seven is of particular significance within Cherokee cosmology
• In Buddhism, Buddha walked 7 steps at his birth

In the classical world

In classical antiquity:

• Seven against Thebes
• Seven Emperors (and period; Rome, history)
  • Julius Caesar, Augustus, Galba, Hadrian, Nerva, Sallust, Vespasian
• Seven hills of Rome
• Seven Liberal Arts
• Seven Sages
• Seven Wonders of the ancient world

In mythology

• In Khasi mythology, the seven divine women who were left behind on earth and became the ancestresses of all humankind
• The number of gateways traversed by Inanna during her descent into the underworld
• The number of sleeping men in the Christian myth of the "Seven Sleepers"
• The Seven Sages in Sumerian mythology and various other mythologies
• The number of sages in Hindu mythology; their wives are the goddesses referred to as the "Seven Mothers"
• The number of main islands of mythological Atlantis
• In Guaraní mythology, the number of prominent legendary monsters
• Seven Lucky Gods exist in Japanese mythology
• In Irish Mythology, the epic hero Cúchulainn is associated with the number 7. He has 7 fingers on each hand, 7 toes on each foot, and 7 pupils in each eye. In the Irish epic Táin Bó Cúailnge, Cúchulainn is 7 years old when he receives his first weapons and defeats the armies of the Ulaidh. and his son Connla is 7 years old when he is slain by Cúchulainn in "The Death of Aife's Only Son."

In music

• There are 7 notes in the traditional Western music major scale
• 7 was the original diameter in inches of the 45-rpm format gramophone record
• In music, the Roman numeral vii is the leading tone (vii°) or subtonic (VII) scale degree, chord, or diatonic function, when distinguished V = major and v = minor.
• The number of completed, numbered symphonies of Jean Sibelius and Sergei Prokofiev
• There are seven musicians in a septet or a septuor

In literature

• In The Lost Years of Merlin Trilogy, a book is titled "The Seven Songs of Merlin"
• In the Harry Potter series of novels by J. K. Rowling, seven is said to be the most powerfully magical number. There are a number of references to seven in Harry Potter: There are a total of seven books in the series; Ginny Weasley is the seventh child and only daughter; Harry Potter was born in July, the seventh month of the year; Wizarding students must complete seven years of school at Hogwarts; Lord Voldemort splits his soul into seven parts which he believes ensures his immortality. Seven is also the number on the back of Harry Potter's Quidditch robes (Prisoner of Azkaban movie). In Quidditch each team consists of seven players. Chapter four of Book 7 is titled "The Seven Potters."
• In The Two Towers, the second volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, the following poem appears: "Tall ships and tall kings/Three times three/What brought they from the foundered land/Over the flowing sea?/Seven stars and seven stones/And one white tree." The "foundered land" is Númenor, and the "Seven Stars" are unknown, but they may refer to a constellation, the Sickle of the Valar. The Seven Stones are the palantíri, the seeing-stones. Also in The Lord of the Rings, the Dwarves were given seven rings.
• In The Silmarillion, also a Tolkien work, there are seven Lords of the Valar, and seven Ladies of the Valar; Fëanor, a central character, has seven sons: Maedhros, Maglor, Celegorm, Curufin, Caranthir, Amrod, and Amras.
• In Galician folklore, a seventh son will be a werewolf. In other folklores, after six daughters, the seventh child is to be a son and a werewolf. In other European folklores, the seventh son of a seventh son will be a child with special powers of healing and clairvoyant seeing.
• In Fist of the North Star (Hokuto no Ken), the main character, Kenshiro, is also known as "the man with seven wounds" for the seven scars on his body in the shape of the Big Dipper.
• Aleksis Kivi's "Seven Brothers," the most famous book of Finnish literature.
• Seven Pillars of Wisdom, a book written by T. E. Lawrence.
• The Secret Seven, name of a children's adventure book by Enid Blyton.
• The book Seven Years in Tibet.
• The anime Eureka Seven.
• The character 7 (Nana) and the organization Septimal Moon in Loveless (manga).
• The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People, a book by Stephen Covey.
• Team 7 consists of the main characters in Naruto: Naruto Uzumaki, Sasuke Uchiha, Kakashi Hatake, and Sakura Haruno.
• In the One Piece series, the Shichibukai (literally, "Seven Military Seas," known in the English versions as the "Seven Warlords of the Sea") are seven powerful pirates who work for the government.
• In the Dragon Ball series, there are 7 Dragon Balls that can grant any wish.
• In the InuYasha series, the Shichinintai are, as their name says, a band of seven mercenaries.
• In the Nana series, there are many recurrent instances of the number seven ("nana" is the Japanese numeral for the English "seven"), including the name of both main characters.
• In George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire, seven gods, the Mother, the Father, the Warrior, the Crone, the Smith, the Maiden, and the Stranger, are worshiped in the land of Westeros, which is made up of seven former kingdoms and often called the Seven Kingdoms. The Seven are the primary deities of Westeros.
• In The Dark Tower series by Stephen King, there are 7 books.
• In The Wheel of Time series by Robert Jordan, there are 7 seals on the Dark One's prison.
• In Neil Gaiman's Sandman series, there are 7 Endless: Destiny, Death, Dream, Destruction, Despair, Desire, and Delirium.
• The Saga of Seven Suns, a series of seven novels by Kevin J. Anderson.
• In George Orwell's Animal Farm, there are seven commandments, and the song " Beast of England" is sung seven times after the animals overthrow Mr. Jones.
• In W.E.B. Du Bois's book, The Souls of Black Folk, he refers to “the Negro” as “the seventh son.”
• In Septimus Heap, book one, Magyk. Septimus Is the seventh son of a seventh son, 7 is believed to be the most magykal number.
• In the first of the three Deltora Quest series of books by Emily Rodda, the protagonist must collect the seven gems of the fabled Belt of Deltora: Topaz, ruby, opal, lapis lazuli, emerald, amethyst, and diamond. Each of the seven gems are guarded by one of seven guardians located in one of the seven locations around Deltora: The Forests of Silence, Lake of Tears, City of the Rats, The Shifting Sands, Dread Mountain, Maze of the Beast, and Valley of the Lost.

In sports

• In Ultimate Frisbee, each team has seven players on the field.
• In team handball, the number of players on each team including the goalkeeper.
• In rugby league, the scrum-half/halfback.
• In rugby union, the openside flanker.
• In American football, the number of players who, by rule, are lined up at the line of scrimmage.
• In scoring baseball, seven represents the left fielder's position.
• In baseball, the 7th Inning stretch is attributed to the 27th U.S. President, William Howard Taft.
• In high-school baseball a regulation game lasts seven innings.
• In the NHL, MLB, and NBA, seven is the maximum number of games played in a playoff series.
• Rugby Sevens, a variant of rugby union and rugby league, contains only seven players per side instead of the standard 15 (union) or 13 (league).
• The Rugby World Cup Sevens, the World Cup for the union version of Sevens.
• The IRB Sevens World Series, also in the union version of Sevens.

Miscellaneous

International maritime signal flag for 7

• Rainbow colors: Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet were originally named as the seven colors of the rainbow, though blue and indigo are considered by some to be the same color.
• There are seven days in a week.
• Seven is the smallest positive integer whose name in English is more than one syllable long.
• The Kulin people of Australia living near the Dandenong Ranges traditionally have seven seasons. Some of the Native Americans of Montana also have seven seasons: Chinook season, muddy spring, green summer, gold summer (or dry summer), "Indian" Summer, late fall, and cold winter.
• The United States Constitution, as drafted in Philadelphia in 1787, was composed of 7 Articles.
• The United States declared Independence in the 7th month of 1776.

The sevens of all four suits playing cards

• In a standard deck of playing cards the 7 of Diamonds is the only diamond card that can be viewed as upside down when reversed.
• Seven is the traditional number of Wonders of the Ancient World.
• Seven is the figurative number of seas.
• Seven is the number of chakras.
• Seven is the number of basic principles of the bushido.
• Seven is the number of points on a sheriff's star.
• When rolling two standard six-sided dice, seven is the number most likely to occur. It is the sum of any two opposite sides on a standard six-sided die.
• The Heptarchy, from the (Greek for seven realm, is the name applied by historians to the period (500-850 C.E.) in English history after the Anglo-Saxon conquest of England, derived from the seven kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex, and Wessex, which eventually merged to become the Kingdom of England during the early tenth century.
• September was the seventh month in the ancient Roman calendar, as its name indicates. After the reform that led to the current order, the seventh month is July.
• Septidi was the seventh day of the decade in the French Revolutionary Calendar.
• Cibola was one of the legendary Seven Cities of Gold the Spanish thought existed.
• In casinos, the line 7-7-7 (triple seven, not seven hundred seventy-seven) is a common winning line on slot machines.
• Seven babies delivered in a single birth are called septuplets.
• In the Catalan culture, seven is used in many popular stories.
• A survey of 2000 people in England showed seven to be the most common lucky number.

See also

• Arithmetic
• Integer
• Number

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Flegg, Graham. Numbers: Their History and Meaning. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2002. ISBN 0486421651
• Higgins, Peter M. Number Story: From Counting to Cryptography. London: Copernicus, 2008. ISBN 978-1848000001
• Ifrah, Georges. The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. Translated by David Bellos et al. New York: Wiley, 2000. ISBN 0471393401
• McLeish, John. The Story of Numbers: How Mathematics Has Shaped Civilization. New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1994. ISBN 0449909387
• Menninger, Karl. Number Words and Number Symbols: A Cultural History of Numbers. New York: Dover Publications, 1992. ISBN 0486270963
• Wells, D. G. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers. London, UK: Penguin Books, 1998. ISBN 0140261494

External links

All links retrieved October 7, 2022.

• Septimal Time

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