Caspar David Friedrich
Caspar David Friedrich (September 5, 1774 – May 7, 1840) was a nineteenth-century German romantic painter, considered by many critics to be one of the finest representatives of the movement. Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in late eighteenth-century Western Europe. In part, Romanticism developed as a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Enlightenment period and a reaction against the rationalization of nature. In art it stressed strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience, placing a new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, horror, and the awe experienced in confronting the sublimity of nature. Friedrich's paintings, such as Wanderer above the Sea of Fog expressed the feeling of sublimity.
Life
Friedrich was born in Greifswald in northeastern Germany. He studied at the Academy in Copenhagen (1794-98), and subsequently settled in Dresden, often traveling to other parts of Germany. Friedrich's landscapes are based entirely on those of northern Germany and are beautiful renderings of trees, hills, harbors, morning mists, and other light effects based on a close observation of nature.
Some of Friedrich's best-known paintings are expressions of religious mysticism. In 1808 he exhibited one of his most controversial paintings, The Cross in the Mountains (Gemaldegalerie, Dresden), in which—for the first time in Christian art—an altarpiece was rendered as a pure landscape. The cross, viewed obliquely from behind, is an insignificant element in the composition. More important are the dominant rays of the evening sun, which depicted the setting of the old, pre-Christian world. The mountain symbolizes an immovable faith, while the fir trees are an allegory of hope. Friedrich painted several other important compositions in which crosses dominate a landscape.
Even some of Friedrich's apparently nonsymbolic paintings contain inner meanings, clues to which are provided either by the artist's writings or those of his literary friends. For example, a landscape showing a ruined abbey in the snow, Abbey Under Oak Trees (1810; Schloss Charlottenburg, Berlin), can be appreciated on one level as a bleak, winter scene, but the painter also intended the composition to represent both the church shaken by the Reformation and the transitoriness of earthly things.
Works
After the development of sepia drawings and watercolors (mainly naturalistic and topographical), Friedrich took up oil painting after the age of thirty. His paintings were modeled on his sketches and studies of scenic spots, like the cliffs on Rügen, the surroundings of Dresden or the Elbe and later composed in symbolic, often symmetrically-balanced compositions. His first mature style painting is the Tetschen Altar (1807) in which the crucified Christ is seen in profile in the top of a mountain, alone, surrounded by nature. In his time this work was not unanimously accepted for the principal role of landscape in a religious subject, however, this was his first appraised painting.
His famous Romantic painting The Wanderer Above The Sea of Fog impressed Karl Friedrich Schinkel (later Prussia's most famous classicist architect) so much that he gave up painting and took up architecture, much to the benefit of German and world architecture.
Friedrich's masterpieces were almost forgotten by the general public in the second half of nineteenth century and only at the end of nineteenth and beginning of twentieth century he was rediscovered by symbolist painters for his visionary and allegorical landscapes. For that same reason, Max Ernst and other surrealists saw him as a precursor of their movement.
Along with other romantic painters like J. M. W. Turner and John Constable he made landscape painting a major genre in Western art. Friedrich's style influenced the painting of the Norwegian Johann Christian Dahl but the successors of his painting style did not achieve his mastery and depth. Arnold Böcklin was strongly influenced by his work and perhaps also the painters of the American Hudson River School, the Rocky Mountain School, and the New England Luminists.
Friedrich also sketched monuments (a memorial) and sculptures for mausoleums, which reflects his obsession with death and the afterlife; some funereal art in Dresden's cemeteries are his. Some of his masterpieces were destroyed due to a fire in Munich's Glass Palace (1931) and in the bombing of Dresden in World War II.
Quotes
"The painter should paint not only what he has in front of him, but also what he sees inside himself. If he sees nothing within, then he should stop painting what is in front of him."
"A mountain of ice and the debris of a ship that has been crushed by it. It is a great tragedy, not a single survivor." —David d'Angers, nineteenth-century French sculptor about The Sea of Ice
Selected works
- Tetschen Altar (c. 1807), oil on canvas
- Cross on the Mountain (c. 1810), oil on canvas (Kunstmuseum, Dusseldorf, Germany)
- Cloister Graveyard in the Snow (1810), oil on canvas (Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin, Germany)
- Winter Landscape (1811), oil on canvas (National Gallery, London)
- View of Arkona at Moonrise, sepia drawing
- Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog (1818), oil on canvas (Kunsthalle Hamburg, Germany)
- The Tree of Crows (1822), oil on canvas (Louvre, Paris)
- Trees in the Moonlight (c. 1830), oil on canvas
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Jensen, Jens Christian and Joachim Neugroschel (trans.). Caspar David Friedrich: Life and Work. Barron's, 1980. ISBN 0812021029
- Koerner, Joseph Leo. Caspar David Friedrich and the Subject of Landscape. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990. ISBN 0300049269
- Siegal, Linda. Caspar David Friedrich and the Age of German Romanticism. Branden Press, 1978. ISBN 0828316597
External links
All links retrieved November 29, 2023.
- Caspar David Friedrich Foundation
- Web Gallery of Art - comprehensive collection of Friedrich's works.
- Artcyclopedia - links to Friedrich's pictures from Image Archives, articles, etc.
| Romanticism | |
|---|---|
| Eighteenth century - Nineteenth century | |
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| Visual art and architecture: Brullov - Constable - Corot - Delacroix - Friedrich - Géricault - Gothic Revival architecture - Goya - Hudson River school - Leutze - Nazarene movement - Palmer - Turner | |
| Romantic culture: Bohemianism - Romantic nationalism | |
| << Age of Enlightenment | Victorianism >> Realism >> |
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