Gabriel (Hebrew: גַּבְרִי×ֵל, or Jibril; Arabic: جبريل; "Hero of God") is a prominent angel in the Abrahamic religions, who serves God in various capacities, and is especially mentioned in scripture as God's messenger. Esteemed as one of the archangels in Judaism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism, Gabriel was also called the chief angel in Islam, who revealed the Qur'an to Prophet Muhammad, thereby called the "angel of truth." Gabriel is one of the few religious figures who are commonly revered in more than one religious tradition.
The angel Gabriel is first mentioned in the Book of Daniel in the Hebrew Bible (Dan. 8:16; 9:21). In the New Testament he appears to the Virgin Mary in the Annunciation and to Zechariah (Luke 1:19, 26, 27). In Islam he is described as one of God's chief messengers, who brings the Holy Qur'an to Muhammad. He is discussed in Muslim Hadith and in the Jewish Talmud.
Gabriel is more than a simple angel who watches over human beings; he is one of the chief archangels who announce God's will to the central figures of faith: to Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad. He is thus a symbol of God's providential guidance to each of the Abrahamic faiths—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—and his appearances to their founders demonstrate that each religion has been rightly guided by God. Gabriel thus offers great potential as a symbol of religious harmony and unity.
Gabriel in Judaism
Scriptural references to Gabriel occur in both the Book of Daniel and in the apocryphal Book of Enoch. In the Book of Daniel, Gabriel appears to Daniel after the destruction of first Temple of Jerusalem, and after the subsequent Babylonian captivity of the Kingdom of Judah that followed. The specific references are as follows:
And it came to pass, when I, even I Daniel, had seen the vision, that I sought to understand it; and, behold, there stood before me as the appearance of a man. And I heard the voice of a man between the banks of Ulai, who called, and said: "Gabriel, make this man to understand the vision." So he came near where I stood; and when he came, I was terrified, and fell upon my face; but he said to me: "Understand, son of man; for the vision belongs to the time of the end" (Dan. 8:15, 8:17).[1]
And while I was speaking, and praying, and confessing my sin and the sin of my people Israel, and presenting my supplication before the Lord my God for the holy mountain of my God; and while I was speaking in prayer, the man Gabriel, whom I had seen in the vision at the beginning, being caused to fly swiftly, approached close to me about the time of the evening offering. And he made me understand, and talked with me, and said: "Daniel, I have now come to make you skillful of understanding. Seventy weeks are decreed upon your people and upon your holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sin, and to forgive iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal vision and prophet, and to anoint the most holy place" (Dan. 9:20, 9:24).[2]
Gabriel tells Daniel about the mysterious "Seventy weeks" (shavu-im shivim) that seem to indicate the end of the Babylonian captivity which lasted 70 years, whereupon Cyrus the Great allowed the return to Zion and the rebuilding of the Temple by the Jews in his empire.
In the Talmud, Gabriel appears as the destroyer of the hosts of Sennacherib "with a sharpened scythe which had been ready since Creation" (Sanhedrin 95b). The Archangel is also attributed as the one who showed Joseph the way, the one who prevented Queen Vashti from appearing naked before King Ahasverus and his guests, and as one of the angels who buried Moses. In Talmud Yoma 79a, however, it is stated that Gabriel once fell into disgrace "for not obeying a command exactly as given, and remained for a while outside the heavenly Curtain." During this 21 day period, the guardian angel of Persia, Dobiel, acted as Gabriel's proxy.
Gabriel is also, according to Jewish mythology, the voice that told Noah to gather the animals before the great flood, the invisible force that prevented Abraham from slaying Isaac, the invisible force that wrestled with Jacob, and the voice of the burning bush.
Gabriel in Christianity
In the New Testament, Gabriel is the angel who comes with the Holy Spirit to Zechariah and reveals that John the Baptist will be born to Elizabeth, and who visits Mary to reveal that she will give birth to Jesus. According to later legend, he is the unidentified angel in the Book of Revelation who blows the horn announcing the Judgment Day. To Catholics, he is St. Gabriel the Archangel, the patron saint of communications workers, and his feast day is September 29.
Gabriel's visit to Mary in the Gospel of Luke is often called "The Annunciation," (Luke 1:26), an event that is celebrated on March 25. It is also commemorated as the "First Joyful Mystery" each time the rosary is prayed.
In Latter-day Saint theology, Gabriel lived a mortal life as the patriarch Noah. Gabriel and Noah are regarded as the same person, but Gabriel alone is regarded as the immortal resurrected being, or angel. As such, all of Noah's children are considered to be Gabriel's earthly children.
Gabriel in Islam
In Islam, Gabriel is known by the Arabic name جبرئيل,جبرئيل,or جبريل (pronounced Jibreel). For Muslims, Gabriel is the angel who revealed the Qur'an to Prophet Muhammad, verse by verse, and thus is considered the most prominent angel, as well as the spirit of truth. He is described by the hadith as having six hundred wings.[3]
According to Muslim beliefs, the angel's primary task was to bring messages from God to the messengers, and the other tasks included accompanying the angel Azrael, the Angel of Death, to take the soul of a person who dies with ablution. In the Qur'an, Gabriel is the angel who informed Mariam (Mary) of how she would conceive Isa (Jesus):
She placed a screen (to screen herself) from them; then We sent to her Our Ruh [angel Jibrael (Gabriel)], and he appeared before her in the form of a man in all respects. She said: “Verily! I seek refuge with the Most Beneficent (Allah) from you, if you do fear Allah.†(The angel) said: “I am only a Messenger from your Lord, (to announce) to you the gift of a righteous son.†She said: “How can I have a son, when no man has touched me, nor am I unchaste?†He said: “So (it will be), your Lord said: 'That is easy for Me (Allah): And (We wish) to appoint him as a sign to mankind and a mercy from Us (Allah), and it is a matter (already) decreed, (by Allah)’" (Qur’an 19:17-21).
In Islam, Gabriel accompanied Muhammad in his ascension to the heavens, Mi'raj. Muslims also believe that the angel Jibreel descends to Earth on the night of Lailat-ul-Qadr ("The Night of Power"), a night in the last ten days of the holy month of Ramadan in the Islamic calendar.[4]
Gabriel in the Bahá'à Faith
Gabriel finds mention in the writings of the Bahá'à Faith, most notably in Bahá'u'lláh's metaphysical work The Seven Valleys and the Four Valleys.
Fiction
The angel Gabriel also plays an active role in many fictional works:
- In his epic poem Paradise Lost, John Milton made Gabriel chief of the angelic guards placed over Paradise.
- In the epic poem The Song of Roland, Gabriel instructs Frankish King Charles Martel, to deliver the sword Durendal to Roland. Gabriel also bears Roland's soul to heaven.
See Also
Notes
- ↑ A Hebrew-English Bible, Daniel Chapter 8. Retrieved July 16, 2007.
- ↑ A Hebrew-English Bible, Daniel Chapter 9. Retrieved July 16, 2007.
- ↑ Sahih Bukhari: Beginning Of Creation. Vol. 4, Book 54. Hadith 455 (53.9-10)
- ↑ USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts, Translation of Sahih Bukhari , Book 8: Prayers (Salat). Retrieved July 16, 2007.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Bamberger, Bernard Jacob. Fallen Angels: Soldiers of Satan's Realm. Jewish Publication Society of America, 2006. ISBN 0827607970
- Briggs, Constance Victoria. The Encyclopedia of Angels: An A-to-Z Guide with Nearly 4,000 Entries. Plume, 1997. ISBN 0452279216
- Bunson, Matthew. Angels A to Z: A Who's Who of the Heavenly Host. Three Rivers, 1996. ISBN 0517885379
- Cruz, Joan C. Angels and Devils. Tan Books & Publishers, 1999. ISBN 0895556387
- Davidson, Gustav. A Dictionary of Angels: Including the Fallen Angels. Free Press, 1994. ISBN 002907052X
- Graham, Billy. Angels: God's Secret Agents. W Pub Group; Minibook Edition, 1994. ISBN 0849950740
- Guiley, Rosemary. Encyclopedia of Angels. Facts on File, 1997. ISBN 0816029881
- Kreeft, Peter J. Angels and Demons: What Do We Really Know About Them? Ignatius, 1995. ISBN 0898705509
- Lewis, James R. Angels A to Z. Visible Ink, 1995. ISBN 0787606529
- Melville, Francis. The Book of Angels: Turn to Your Angels for Guidance, Comfort, and Inspiration. Barron's Educational Series, 1st ed. 2001. ISBN 0764154036
- Ronner, John. Know Your Angels: The Angel Almanac With Biographies of 100 Prominent Angels in Legend & Folklore-And Much More! Mamre, 1993. ISBN 0932945406
External Links
All links retrieved April 15, 2024.
- Catholic Encyclopedia. St. Gabriel the Archangel.
- Christian Art. Icons of the Archangel Gabriel.
- Finney, Dee. Archangels and Guardian Angels.
- Jewish Encyclopedia.com. Gabriel.
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
