Hollywood Walk of Fame

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Hollywood Walk of Fame
Walk of fame.JPG
Stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
Monument
Type Entertainment hall of fame
Location Hollywood Blvd. and Vine St.
Hollywood, Los Angeles
Coordinates 34°06′06″N 118°19′36″W / 34.1016, -118.3267
Construction
Completed February 8, 1960
Design Team
Website Official website

The Hollywood Walk of Fame is a historic landmark which consists of more than 2,700 five-pointed terrazzo and brass stars embedded in the sidewalks along 15 blocks of Hollywood Boulevard and three blocks of Vine Street in Hollywood, California. The stars are permanent public monuments to achievement in the entertainment industry, bearing the names of a mix of actors, directors, producers, musicians, theatrical/musical groups, fictional characters, and others.

The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce who hold the trademark rights and maintained by the self-financing Hollywood Historic Trust. It is a popular tourist attraction, with an several million visitors annually. The arts are an important aspect of culture, and recognition of the value of accomplished entertainers in this way can be viewed as a worthy enterprise.

Description

The Walk of Fame runs 1.3 miles (2.1 km) east to west on Hollywood Boulevard, from Gower Street to the Hollywood and La Brea Gateway at La Brea Avenue, plus a short segment on Marshfield Way that runs diagonally between Hollywood Boulevard and La Brea; and 0.4 miles (0.64 km) north to south on Vine Street between Yucca Street and Sunset Boulevard.

History

Origin

The Walk of Fame at the 6800 block of Hollywood Boulevard, looking eastward. The Dolby Theatre is in the foreground at left. In the upper left quadrant is the famous intersection of Hollywood Boulevard and Highland Avenue.

The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E.M. Stuart, its volunteer president in 1953, with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame. Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to "maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamour and excitement in the four corners of the world."[1] The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce established the Hollywood Improvement Association to work with the City in pursuing the idea. Harry Sugarman, a prominent businessman who owned one of California’s oldest theatres, was selected to chair the effort and he saw the project through to completion. By 1955, the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon, and plans were submitted to the Los Angeles City Council.[1]

Multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept. According to one, the historic Hollywood Hotel—which stood for more than 50 years on Hollywood Boulevard at the site now occupied by the Hollywood and Highland complex and the Dolby (formerly Kodak) Theatre—displayed stars on its dining room ceiling above the tables favored by its most famous celebrity patrons, and that may have served as an early inspiration.[1] By another account, Sugarman ("Sugie")'s Tropics Restaurant drinks menu featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars which could have inspired them[2]

In February 1956, a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree, John Wayne, by some accounts,[3] inside a blue star on a brown background.[1] However, caricatures proved too expensive and difficult to execute in brass with the technology available at the time; and the brown and blue motif was vetoed by Charles E. Toberman, the legendary real estate developer known as "Mr. Hollywood," because the colors clashed with a new building he was erecting on Hollywood Boulevard.[4]

Selection and construction

By March 1956, the final design and coral-and-charcoal color scheme had been approved. Between the spring of 1956 and the fall of 1957, 1,558 honorees were selected by committees representing the four major branches of the entertainment industry at that time: motion pictures, television, audio recording, and radio. The committees met at the Brown Derby Restaurant in Hollywood,[5] and included such prominent names as Cecil B. DeMille, Samuel Goldwyn, Jesse L. Lasky, Walt Disney, Hal Roach, Mack Sennett, and Walter Lantz.[1]

A requirement stipulated by the original audio recording committee (and later rescinded) specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees. The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement. As a result, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed to create a separate award for the music industry, leading to the first Grammy Awards in 1959.[5]

Construction of the Walk began in 1958 but two lawsuits delayed completion. The first lawsuit was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk, along with new street lighting and trees. In October 1959, the assessment was ruled legal.[1] The second lawsuit, filed by Charles Chaplin Jr., sought damages for the exclusion of his father, Charlie Chaplin, whose nomination had been withdrawn due to pressure from multiple quarters. Chaplin's suit was dismissed in 1960, paving the way for completion of the project.[1]

Joanne Woodward's star, contrary to popular belief, was not the first.

While Joanne Woodward is often singled out as the first person to receive a star on the Walk of Fame—possibly because she was the first to be photographed with it[6]—the original stars were installed as a continuous project, with no individual ceremonies. Woodward's name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558 and inscribed on eight prototype stars that were built while litigation was holding up permanent construction. The other seven names were Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence.[7] The eight prototypes were installed temporarily on the northwest corner of Hollywood Boulevard and Highland Avenue in August 1958 to generate publicity and to demonstrate how the Walk would eventually look.[8] Official groundbreaking took place on February 8, 1960. On March 28, 1960, the first permanent star, director Stanley Kramer's, was completed on the easternmost end of the new Walk near the intersection of Hollywood and Gower.[1]

Stagnation and revitalization

Though the Walk was originally conceived in part to encourage redevelopment of Hollywood Boulevard, the 1960s and 1970s were periods of protracted urban decay in the Hollywood area as residents moved to nearby suburbs.[9] After the initial installation of approximately 1,500 stars in 1960 and 1961, several years passed without the addition of a new star. In 1962, the Los Angeles City Council passed an ordinance naming the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce "the agent to advise the City" about adding names to the Walk, and the Chamber, over the following six years, devised rules, procedures, and financing methods to do so.[1]

In December 1968, Richard D. Zanuck was awarded the first star in eight years in a presentation ceremony hosted by Danny Thomas.[1] In July 1978, the City of Los Angeles designated the Hollywood Walk of Fame a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument.[10]

Johnny Grant, center, at producer Joe Pasternak's presentation ceremony in 1991. At left is Gene Kelly.

Radio personality, television producer, and Chamber member Johnny Grant is generally credited with implementing the changes that resuscitated the Walk and established it as a significant tourist attraction.[11] Beginning in 1968, Grant stimulated publicity and encouraged international press coverage by requiring that each recipient personally attend his or her star's unveiling ceremony. Grant later recalled that "it was tough to get people to come accept a star" until the neighborhood finally began its recovery in the 1980s.[9] In 1980, he instituted a fee of $2,500, payable by the person or entity nominating the recipient, to fund the Walk of Fame's upkeep and minimize further taxpayer burden. The fee increased incrementally over time; it is now over $50,000.[12]

Grant was awarded a star in 1980 for his television work.[1] In 2002, he received a second star in the "special" category to acknowledge his pivotal role in improving and popularizing the Walk.[13] He was also named chairman of the Selection Committee and Honorary Mayor of Hollywood, a ceremonial position previously held by Monty Hall.[14] He remained in both offices from 1980 until his death in 2008 and hosted the great majority of unveiling ceremonies during that period. His unique special-category star, with its emblem depicting a stylized "Great Seal of the City of Hollywood," is located at the entrance to the Dolby Theatre adjacent to Johnny Grant Way.[13]

Expansion

In 1984, a fifth category, Live Theatre, was added to acknowledge contributions from the live performance branch of the entertainment industry, and a second row of stars was created on each sidewalk to alternate with the existing stars.[1]

Hollywood Boulevard, 7000 block, north side, looking westward

In 1994, the Walk of Fame was extended one block to the west on Hollywood Boulevard, from Sycamore Avenue to North LaBrea Avenue (plus the short segment of Marshfield Way that connects Hollywood and La Brea), where it now ends at the silver "Four Ladies of Hollywood" gazebo and the special "Walk of Fame" star. At the same time, Sophia Loren was honored with the 2,000th star on the Walk.[1]

Restoration

In 2008 a long-term restoration project began with an evaluation of all 2,365 stars on the Walk at the time, each receiving a letter grade of A, B, C, D, or F. Honorees whose stars received F grades, indicating the most severe damage, were Joan Collins, Peter Frampton, Dick Van Patten, Paul Douglas, Andrew L. Stone, Willard Waterman, Richard Boleslavsky, Ellen Drew, Frank Crumit, and Bobby Sherwood. Fifty celebrities' stars received "D" grades. The damage ranged from minor cosmetic flaws caused by normal weathering to holes and fissures severe enough to constitute a walking hazard. Plans were made to repair or replace at least 778 stars at an estimated cost of over $4 million.[15]

The restoration is a collaboration among the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and various Los Angeles city and county governmental offices, along with the MTA, which operates the Metro B Line that runs beneath the Walk, since earth movement due to the presence of the subway line is thought to be partly responsible for the damage.[16]

To encourage supplemental funding for the project by corporate sponsors, the "Friends of Walk of Fame" program was inaugurated,[15] with donors recognized through honorary plaques adjacent to the Walk of Fame in front of the Dolby Theatre, a program which received a certain amount of criticism.[17]

In June 2019, The City of Los Angeles commissioned Gensler architects to provide a master plan for a $4 million renovation to improve and "update the streetscape concept" for the Walk of Fame with the goal of improving the public right-of-way.[18]

Categorization

The Walk of Fame comprises over 2,700 stars, which are spaced at 6-foot (1.8 m) intervals. The monuments are coral-pink terrazzo five-point stars rimmed with brass inlaid into a charcoal-colored terrazzo background. An average of new stars are added to the Walk each year.[19] The name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters in the upper portion of each star. Below the inscription, in the lower half of the star field, a round inlaid brass emblem indicates the category of the honoree's contributions.

The emblems symbolize five categories within the entertainment industry:

  • Circular 4-inch brass plaque showing a side view of a classic movie camera. Classic film camera representing motion pictures.
  • Circular 4-inch brass plaque with a tube-type television with twin aerials. Television receiver representing broadcast television.
  • Circular 4-inch brass plaque with a top view of phonograph disc and pickup arm. Phonograph record representing audio recording or music.
  • Circular 4-inch brass plaque with an antique studio-style microphone. Radio microphone representing broadcast radio.
  • Circular 4-inch brass plaque with the classic theatrical comedy/tragedy masks. Comedy/tragedy masks representing live theater (added in 1984).

Star locations

Locations of individual stars are not necessarily arbitrary. Stars of many particularly well-known celebrities are found in front of the TCL (formerly Grauman's) Chinese Theatre. Oscar-winners' stars are usually placed near the Dolby Theatre, site of the annual Academy Awards presentations. Locations are occasionally chosen for ironic or humorous reasons: Mike Myers's star lies in front of an adult store called the International Love Boutique, an association with his Austin Powers roles; Roger Moore's star and Daniel Craig's star are located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard in recognition of their titular role in the James Bond 007 film series; Ed O'Neill's star is located outside a shoe store in reference to his character's occupation of shoe salesman on the TV show Married ... with Children;[20] and the last star, at the very end of the westernmost portion of the Walk, belongs to The Dead End Kids.

Honorees may request a specific location for their star, although final decisions remain with the Chamber.[6] For example, Lin-Manuel Miranda chose a site in front of the Pantages Theatre where his musicals, In The Heights and Hamilton, played.[21] Carol Burnett explained her choice in her 1986 memoir: While working as an usherette at the historic Warner Brothers Theatre (now the Hollywood Pacific Theatre) during the 1951 run of Alfred Hitchcock's film Strangers on a Train, she took it upon herself to advise a couple arriving during the final few minutes of a showing to wait for the next showing, to avoid seeing (and spoiling) the ending. The theater manager fired her on the spot for "insubordination" and humiliated her by stripping the epaulets from her uniform in the theater lobby. Twenty-six years later, at her request, Burnett's star was placed at the corner of Hollywood and Wilcox—in front of the theater.[22]

Alternative star designs

One of four identical moons honoring the Apollo XI astronauts at the corner of Hollywood and Vine on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

Special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities, service organizations, and special honorees, and display emblems unique to those honorees. For example, the monuments for the Apollo 11 mission to the Moon are uniquely shaped: Four identical circular moons, each bearing the names of the three astronauts (Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., and Michael Collins), the date of the first Moon landing ("7/20/69"), and the words "Apollo XI," are set on each of the four corners of the intersection of Hollywood and Vine.[23]

Other special designs include the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) star emblem which is a replica of a Hollywood Division badge.[24] The "Friends of the Walk of Fame" monuments are charcoal terrazzo squares rimmed by miniature pink terrazzo stars displaying the five standard category emblems, along with the sponsor's corporate logo, with the sponsor's name and contribution in inlaid brass block lettering. Special stars and Friends monuments are granted by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce or the Hollywood Historic Trust, but are not part of the Walk of Fame proper and are located nearby on private property.[17]

Nomination process

Each year an average of 200 nominations are submitted to the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Walk of Fame selection committee. Anyone, including fans, can nominate anyone active in the field of entertainment as long as the nominee or their management approves the nomination. Nominees must have a minimum of five years' experience in the category for which they are nominated and a history of "contributions to the community and civic-oriented participation of the nominee."[25] Posthumous nominees must have been deceased at least five years.

At a meeting each June, the committee selects approximately 30 celebrities to receive stars on the Walk of Fame. One posthumous award is given each year as well. The nominations of those not selected are rolled over to the following year for reconsideration; those not selected two years in a row are dropped, and must be renominated to receive further consideration. Living recipients must agree to personally attend a presentation ceremony within two years of selection. If the ceremony is not scheduled within two years, a new application must be submitted. A relative of deceased recipients must attend posthumous presentations. Presentation ceremonies are open to the public.[19]

A fee payable at time of selection, is collected to pay for the creation and installation of the star, as well as general maintenance of the Walk of Fame.[12] The fee is usually paid by the nominating organization, which may be a fan club, film studio, record company, broadcaster, or other sponsor involved with the prospective honoree.

Traditionally, the identities of selection committee members, other than its chairman, have not been made public in order to minimize conflicts of interest and to discourage lobbying by celebrities and their representatives (a significant problem during the original selections in the late 1950s). However, in 1999, in response to intensifying charges of secrecy in the selection process, the Chamber disclosed the members' names: Johnny Grant, the longtime chair and representative of the television category; Earl Lestz, president of Paramount Studio Group (motion pictures); Stan Spero, retired manager with broadcast stations KMPC and KABC (radio); Kate Nelson, owner of the Palace Theatre (live performance); and Mary Lou Dudas, vice president of A&M Records (recording industry).[26] Since that 1999 announcement the chamber has revealed only that Lestz (who received his own star in 2004) became chairman after Grant died in 2008. Their official position is that "each of the five categories is represented by someone with expertise in that field."[19]

Rule adjustments

Walk of Fame rules prohibit consideration of nominees whose contributions fall outside the five major entertainment categories, but the selection committee has been known to adjust interpretations of its rules to justify a selection. The Walk's four round Moon landing monuments at the corners of Hollywood and Vine, for example, officially recognize the Apollo 11 astronauts for "contributions to the television industry." Johnny Grant acknowledged, in 2005, that classifying the first Moon landing as a television entertainment event was "a bit of a stretch."[6] Magic Johnson was added to the motion picture category based on his ownership of the Magic Johnson Theatre chain, citing as precedent Sid Grauman, builder of Grauman's (now TCL) Chinese Theatre.[6]

Muhammad Ali's star was granted after the committee decided that boxing could be considered a form of "live performance." Its placement on a wall of the Dolby Theatre makes it the only star mounted on a vertical surface, acceding to Ali's request that his name not be walked upon, as he shared his name with the Prophet Muhammad.[27]

All living honorees have been required since 1968 to personally attend their star's unveiling, and approximately 40 have declined the honor due to this condition.[6] The only recipient to date who failed to appear after agreeing to do so was Barbra Streisand, in 1976. Her star was unveiled anyway, near the intersection of Hollywood and Highland.[28]

Unique and unusual

Several stars are identified with a one-word stage name, including Liberace, Pink, Roseanne, and Slash. Clayton Moore is so inextricably linked with his Lone Ranger character, even though he played other roles during his career, that he is one of only two actors to have his character's name alongside his own on his star. The other is Tommy Riggs, whose star references his Betty Lou character. The largest group of individuals represented by a single star is the estimated 122 adults and 12 children collectively known as the Munchkins, from the landmark 1939 film The Wizard of Oz.[29]

A number of inventors have stars on the Walk, including: George Eastman, inventor of roll film; Thomas Edison, inventor of the first true film projector and holder of numerous patents related to motion-picture technology; Lee de Forest, inventor of the triode vacuum tube, which made radio and TV possible, and Phonofilm, which made sound films possible; Merian C. Cooper, co-inventor of the Cinerama process; Herbert Kalmus, inventor of Technicolor; Auguste and Louis Lumière, inventors of important components of the motion picture camera; Mark Serrurier, inventor of the technology used for film editing; Hedy Lamarr, co-inventor of a frequency-hopping radio guidance system that was a precursor to Wi-Fi networks and cellular telephone systems, and Ray Dolby, co-developer of the first video tape recorder and inventor of the Dolby noise-reduction system.

A few star recipients moved on after their entertainment careers to political notability. For example, Presidents of the United States, Ronald Reagan (40th President) and Donald Trump (45th President) have stars on the Walk. Reagan is also one of two Governors of California with a star; the other is Arnold Schwarzenegger. Ignacy Paderewski, who served as Prime Minister of Poland between the World Wars, is the only European head of government represented.

On its 50th anniversary in 2005, Disneyland received a star near Disney's Soda Fountain on Hollywood Boulevard. Stars for commercial organizations are only considered for those with a Hollywood show business connection of at least 50 years' duration. While not technically part of the Walk itself (a city ordinance prohibits placing corporate names on sidewalks), the star was installed adjacent to it.[30]

Fictional characters

Mickey Mouse's star was the first awarded to an animated character.

In 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, Mickey Mouse became the first animated character to receive a star, and nearly twenty more followed over the next decades. Other fictional characters on the Walk include the Munchkins (as mentioned), one kaiju (Godzilla), and three non-animated canine characters (Strongheart, Lassie, and Rin Tin Tin). Fictional character Pee-Wee Herman, played by comedian Paul Reubens, also has a star,[31] which was awarded in 1988.

Jim Henson is one of four puppeteers to have a star, but also has three stars dedicated to his creations: one for The Muppets as a whole, one for Kermit the Frog and one for Big Bird.[32][33][34]

Controversial additions

Charlie Chaplin is the only honoree to be selected twice for the same star on the Walk. He was unanimously voted into the initial group of 500 in 1956, but the Selection Committee ultimately excluded him, ostensibly due to questions regarding his morals (he had been charged with violating the Mann Act—and exonerated—during the White Slavery hysteria of the 1940s):

When the not-guilty verdict was handed down, the courtroom audience cheered. No one who didn't live through that trial can even begin to comprehend what a switch that was. [35]

The more likely reason for the exclusion was his left-leaning political views.[36] The rebuke prompted an unsuccessful lawsuit by his son, Charles Chaplin Jr. Chaplin's star was finally added to the Walk in 1972, the same year he received his Academy Award.[37]

The committee's Chaplin difficulties reportedly contributed to its decision in 1978 against awarding a star to Paul Robeson, the controversial opera singer, actor, athlete, writer, lawyer and social activist.[3] The resulting outcry from the entertainment industry, civic circles, local and national politicians, and many other quarters was so intense that the decision was reversed and Robeson was awarded a star in 1979.[38]

Theft and vandalism

Acts of vandalism on the Walk of Fame have ranged from profanity and political statements written on stars with markers and paint to damage with heavy tools.[39] Vandals have also tried to chisel out the brass category emblems embedded in the stars below the names.[40] Closed circuit surveillance cameras have been installed on the stretch of Hollywood Boulevard between La Brea Avenue and Vine Street in an effort to discourage mischievous activities.[41]

Four of the stars, which weigh about 300 pounds (140 kg) each, have been stolen from the Walk of Fame. In 2000, James Stewart's and Kirk Douglas' stars disappeared from their locations near the intersection of Hollywood and Vine, where they had been temporarily removed for a construction project. Police recovered them in the suburban community of South Gate when they arrested a man involved in an incident there and searched his house. The suspect was a construction worker employed on the Hollywood and Vine project. The stars had been badly damaged, and had to be remade. One of Gene Autry's five stars was also stolen from a construction area. Another theft occurred in 2005 when thieves used a concrete saw to remove Gregory Peck's star from its Hollywood Boulevard site at the intersection of North El Centro Avenue, near North Gower. The star was replaced almost immediately, but the original was never recovered and the perpetrators never caught.[40]

Trump's star under repair, soon after it was vandalized on July 25, 2018

In August 2018, the West Hollywood City Council unanimously passed a resolution requesting permanent removal of Donald Trump's star due to repeated vandalism, according to Mayor John Duran. The resolution was completely symbolic, as West Hollywood has no jurisdiction over the Walk,[42] and the Walk is listed as a Los Angeles City Historical Monument.[10] Activist groups have also called for the removal of stars honoring individuals whose public and professional lives have become controversial, including Bill Cosby and Kevin Spacey. In answer to these campaigns, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce announced that because the Walk is a historical landmark no star would be removed: “Once a star has been added to the Walk, it is considered a part of the historic fabric of the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Because of this, we have never removed a star from the Walk.”[43]

Hollywood and La Brea Gateway

Hollywood and La Brea Gateway at the Walk of Fame's west end

The Hollywood and La Brea Gateway is a 1993 cast stainless steel public art installation by architect Catherine Hardwicke. The sculpture, popularly known as The Four Ladies of Hollywood, was commissioned by the Los Angeles Community Redevelopment Agency Art Program as a tribute to the multi-ethnic women of the entertainment industry.[44] The installation consists of a square stainless steel Art Deco-style structure or gazebo, with an arched roof supporting a circular dome that is topped by a central obelisk with descending neon block letters spelling "Hollywood" on each of its four sides. Atop the obelisk is a small gilded weather vane-style sculpture of Marilyn Monroe in her iconic billowing skirt pose from The Seven Year Itch. The corners of the domed structure are supported by four caryatids sculpted by Harl West representing African-American actress Dorothy Dandridge, Asian-American actress Anna May Wong, Mexican actress Dolores del Río, and Brooklyn-born actress Mae West.[44] The installation stands at the western end of the Hollywood Walk of Fame at the corner of Hollywood Boulevard and North La Brea Avenue.

The gazebo was dedicated on February 1, 1994, to a mixed reception. Independent writer and film producer Gail Choice called it a fitting tribute to a group of pioneering and courageous women who "carried a tremendous burden on their feminine shoulders. ... Never in my wildest dreams did I believe I'd ever see women of color immortalized in such a creative and wonderful fashion."[45]

Los Angeles Times art critic Christopher Knight called it "the most depressingly awful work of public art in recent years," representing the opposite of Hardwicke's intended tribute to women. Hardwicke contended that critics had missed the "humor and symbolism" of the structure, which "embraces and pokes fun at the glamour, the polished metallic male form of the Oscar, and the pastiche of styles and dreams that pervades Tinseltown."[46]

Homage

Michael Jackson's star, about two weeks after his death in 2009

Some fans show respect for star recipients both living and dead by laying flowers or other symbolic tributes at their stars. Others show their support in other ways; the star awarded to Julio Iglesias, for example, is kept in "pristine condition [by] a devoted band of elderly women [who] scrub and polish it once a month."[47]

The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce has adopted the tradition of placing flower wreaths at the stars of newly deceased awardees. The stars of various deceased celebrities, such as Michael Jackson, Farrah Fawcett, Elizabeth Taylor, Charles Aznavour, Richard Pryor, James Doohan, Whitney Houston, Frank Sinatra, Robin Williams, Joan Rivers, George Harrison, Aretha Franklin, and Betty White have become impromptu memorial and vigil sites as well, and some continue to receive anniversary remembrances.

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 History of the Walk of Fame Hollywood Walk of Fame. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  2. ↑ Ephemera from The Tropics restaurant, 427 N. Rodeo Dr., Beverly Hills Martin Turnbull. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 David Thomson, The Whole Equation: A History of Hollywood (Abacus, 2006, ISBN 978-0349117690).
  4. ↑ Gregory Paul Williams, The Story of Hollywood: An Illustrated History (BL Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0977629923).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Richard James Burgess, The History of Music Production (Oxford University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0199357178).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Wendy Thermos, Sidewalk Shrine to Celebrities Twinkles With Stars Los Angeles Times, July 22, 2005. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  7. ↑ Ellis Conklin, Top Stars Missing on Hall of Fame Ottawa Citizen, October 30, 1986. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  8. ↑ Marc Wanamaker, Hollywood 1940–2008 (Arcadia Publishing, 2009, ISBN 978-0738559230).
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Roger Vincent, Neighborhood face-lift gives Hollywood pause Los Angeles Times, May 6, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Historic-Cultural Monument (HCM) List City of Los Angeles Department of City Planning. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  11. ↑ Tony Gieske, Johnny Grant, honorary mayor of Hollywood, dies Hollywood Reporter, January 10, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Nomination for Walk of Fame FAQs. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 The Official Site Of Johnny Grant Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  14. ↑ Mandalit del Barco, Pin-Up Queen Turns Hollywood Mayor Race Pink NPR, March 27, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Bob Pool, Walk of Fame going to have a little work done Los Angeles Times, July 22, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  16. ↑ Bob Pool, Walk of Fame fix won't be easy stroll Los Angeles Times, July 17, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Alana Semuels, Hollywood, brought to you by ... Los Angeles Times, July 22, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  18. ↑ Steven Sharp, Hollywood Walk of Fame's $4-Million Master Plan Moves Forward Urbanize Los Angeles, June 14, 2019. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 FAQS Hollywood Walk of Fame. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  20. ↑ Ed O'Neill's Walk of Fame star in front of shoe store CBS News, August 30, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  21. ↑ Lin-Manuel Miranda Receives Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame NBC Southern California, November 30, 2018. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  22. ↑ Carol Burnett, One More Time (Random House, 2003, ISBN 978-0812969726).
  23. ↑ Scott Sandell, Hollywood Star Walk: Apollo Landing Los Angeles Times, March 1, 2010. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  24. ↑ Hollywood Area Los Angeles Police Department Blog, May 10, 2006. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  25. ↑ Nomination Procedure Hollywood Walk of Fame. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  26. ↑ Bob Pool, Hollywood Tries to Help Stars Shine Los Angeles Times, January 6, 1999. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  27. ↑ Brian McBride, Why Muhammad Ali's Star on Hollywood Boulevard Floats Like a Butterfly Above Ground ABC News, June 6, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  28. ↑ Frank Sanello, Want your star on walk? It isn't easy Saturday Morning Deseret News, December 5, 1984. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  29. ↑ The Munchkins Hollywood Walk of Fame. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  30. ↑ Robert W. Welkos, Disneyland to get star treatment Los Angeles Times, July 13, 2005. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  31. ↑ Pee-wee Herman | Hollywood Walk of Fame.
  32. ↑ Heffley, Lynn (1990-05-17). Jim Henson (in en).
  33. ↑ Big Bird (in en).
  34. ↑ Kermit the Frog (in en).
  35. ↑ Jerry Giesler and Pete Martin, The Jerry Giesler Story (Literary Licensing, LLC, 2011, ISBN 978-1258149321 ).
  36. ↑ On This Day: Charlie Chaplin Comes Home BBC, September 23, 1952. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  37. ↑ Why doesn't Clint Eastwood have a star? Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  38. ↑ Paris H. Qualles, What Price a Star? Robeson vs. Hollywood Chamber of Commerce The Crisis, August–September 1979. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  39. ↑ Paul Leigh, 10 Celebrities Whose Walk Of Fame Stars Were Vandalized Listverse Ltd., January 4, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Bob Pool, A Star is Torn from Boulevard Los Angeles Times, November 30, 2005. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  41. ↑ Aundreia Cameron, Elke Kolodinski, Heather May, and Nicholas Williams, Measuring the Effects of Video Surveillance on Crime in Los Angeles USC School of Policy, Planning, & Development, May 5, 2008. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  42. ↑ Emily Brown, Council Fight To 'Totally Remove' Donald Trump's Hollywood Star Unilad, August 7, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  43. ↑ Paige Phelan, Bill Cosby, Donald Trump and 7 More Scandalous Stars Immortalized on Hollywood's Walk of Fame The Hollywood Reporter, July 10, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Hollywood and La Brea Gateway (sculpture) Smithsonian American Museum Art Inventories Catalog. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  45. ↑ Gale Choice, These Women Were Dreamers and Doers Los Angeles Times, February 14, 1994. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  46. ↑ Catherine Hardwicke, Critic Missed the Humor and Symbolism Los Angeles Times, February 14, 1994. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  47. ↑ Jake Halpern, Fame Junkies: The Hidden Truths Behind America's Favorite Addiction (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006, ISBN 978-0618453696).

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Burgess, Richard James. The History of Music Production. Oxford University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0199357178
  • Burnett, Carol. One More Time. Random House, 2003. ISBN 978-0812969726
  • Halpern, Jake. Fame Junkies: The Hidden Truths Behind America's Favorite Addiction. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006. ISBN 978-0618453696
  • Thomson, David. The Whole Equation: A History of Hollywood. Abacus, 2006. ISBN 978-0349117690
  • Wanamaker, Marc. Hollywood 1940–2008. Arcadia Publishing, 2009. ISBN 978-0738559230
  • Williams, Gregory Paul. The Story of Hollywood: An Illustrated History. BL Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0977629923

External links

All links retrieved July 18, 2024.

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