Nat King Cole
| Nat King Cole | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Nathaniel Adams Coles |
| Born | March 17 1919 Montgomery, Alabama, United States |
| Died | February 15 1965 (aged 45) Santa Monica, California, United States |
| Genre(s) | Vocal jazz, swing, traditional pop, jump blues |
| Occupation(s) | Singer-songwriter, pianist |
| Instrument(s) | Singing, piano |
| Voice type(s) | Baritone |
| Years active | 1936–1965 |
| Label(s) | Decca, Excelsior, Capitol |
| Associated acts |
Natalie Cole, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin |
Nat King Cole (March 17, 1919 – February 15, 1965), born Nathaniel Adams Coles, was a popular American jazz singer-songwriter and pianist. Cole first came to prominence as a leading jazz pianist, then switched his emphasis to singing, becoming one of the most popular and best-known vocalists of all time.
Cole was born in Montgomery, Alabama. He received music lessons from his mother and his family moved to Chicago when he was five, where his father Edward James Coles was a Baptist minister. In 1939, he formed the King Cole Trio in Southern California and became an immensely popular recording artist for Capitol Records, helping to make the company's fortune as well as his own. His deep, smooth voice remains one of the most recognizable on record, while his pop material and sentimental arrangements appealed to mainstream tastes.
In the 1960s, he became the first nationally known black artist to host a television show, but it was canceled after one year because a national sponsor could not be found. Cole struggled against racism throughout his career and on April 10, 1956, at Birmingham, Alabama, he was attacked by three white men from a white-supremacist group during a concert and sustained minor injuries to his back.
Cole also appeared in many movies, his last one being Cat Ballou (1965), starring Lee Marvin. Cole received 28 Gold Record awards for such hits as "Sweet Lorraine" and "Ramblin' Rose" in 1962, "Too Young" in 1951, "Mona Lisa" in 1949, and Mel Tormé's "Christmas Song." Cole performed a posthumous "virtual" duet with his daughter, recording star Natalie Cole, for the title track of the 1991 Grammy Award–winning album Unforgettable . . . with Love. A heavy smoker, Cole died of lung cancer at age 45.
Childhood and Chicago
Cole was born in Montgomery, Alabama. His birth date was on Saint Patrick's Day in 1919. His father was a preacher in the Baptist church. Cole's family moved to Chicago, Illinois, while he was still a child. There, his father became a minister; Nat's mother, Perlina, was the church organist. Nat learned to play the organ from his mother until the age of 12, when he began formal lessons. He learned not only jazz and gospel music, but European classical music as well.
Nat would sneak out of the house and hang outside the Chicago jazz clubs, listening to artists such as Louis Armstrong, Earl "Fatha" Hines, and Jimmie Noone. Inspired by the playing of Hines, Cole began his performing career in the mid-1930s while he was still a teenager, and adopted the name "Nat Cole." His older brother, Eddie Coles, a bassist, soon joined Nat's band and they first recorded in 1936 under Eddie's name. They were also regular performers at clubs.
Los Angeles and the King Cole Trio
Moving to the west coast, Cole and three other musicians formed the "King Cole Swingers" in Long Beach and played in a number of local bars before getting a job on the Long Beach Pike for $90.00 per week.
Nat soon married a dancer, Megan Robinson, and moved to Los Angeles where he formed the Nat King Cole Trio. The trio consisted of Nat on piano, Oscar Moore on guitar, and Wesley Prince on double bass. The trio played in Los Angeles throughout the late 1930s and recorded many radio transcriptions. Nat was piano player and leader of the combo. Cole frequently sang in between instrumental numbers, and noticing that people started to request more vocal numbers, he obliged.
During World War II, Wesley Prince left the group and Cole replaced him with Johnny Miller. The King Cole Trio signed with the fledgling Capitol Records in 1943 and Cole stayed with the recording company for the rest of his career. Revenues from Cole's record sales fueled much of Capitol Records' success during this period, and are believed to have played a significant role in financing the distinctive Capitol Records building on Hollywood and Vine, in Los Angeles. Completed in 1956, it was the world's first circular office building and became known as "the house that Nat built."
Cole was considered a leading jazz pianist, appearing, for example, in the first Jazz at the Philharmonic concerts (credited on the Mercury Record labels as "Shorty Nadine," apparently derived from the name of his wife at the time). His revolutionary lineup of piano, guitar and bass in the time of the big bands became a popular set up for a jazz trio. It was emulated by many musicians, among them Art Tatum, Erroll Garner, Oscar Peterson, Ahmad Jamal, Tommy Flanagan, and blues pianists Charles Brown and Ray Charles. He also performed as a pianist on sessions with Lester Young, Red Callender, and Lionel Hampton.
Early singing career
Cole's first mainstream vocal hit was his 1943 recording of one of his compositions, "Straighten Up and Fly Right," based on a black folk tale that his father had used as a theme for a sermon. Johnny Mercer invited him to record it for the fledgling Capitol Records label. It sold over 500,000 copies, and proved that folk-based material could appeal to a wide audience. Although Nat would never be considered a rocker, the song can be seen as anticipating the first rock and roll records.
Beginning in the late 1940s, Cole began recording and performing more pop-oriented material for mainstream audiences, often accompanied by a string orchestra. His stature as a popular icon was cemented during this period by hits such as "The Christmas Song" (Cole recorded the tune four times), "Nature Boy" (1948), "Mona Lisa" (1950), "Too Young" (1951), and his signature tune "Unforgettable" (1951). While this shift to pop music led some jazz critics and fans to accuse Cole of selling out, he never totally abandoned his jazz roots; as late as 1956, he recorded an all-jazz album, After Midnight.
Challenging racial barriers
Cole appeared frequently on popular variety programs hosted by Perry Como, Milton Berle, Ed Sullivan, and others. A wholly mainstream singer and entertainer, Cole was eventually offered his own TV show, which he very much wanted.
On November 5, 1956, The Nat King Cole Show debuted on NBC-TV. Initially begun as a 15-minute show on Monday night, the show was expanded to a half hour in July 1957. While Cole was not the first African-American to host a network television show—an honor belonging to jazz pianist and singer Hazel Scott in 1950— Cole's stature made the venture more socially significant, which Cole himself recognized.
Cole felt confident that commercial sponsors would support the program, but advertisers worried that white Southern audiences would boycott their products. One cosmetics representative claimed that a "negro" couldn't sell lipstick, to which Cole angrily responded, "What do they think we use? Chalk? Congo paint?"[1] The program featured some of the most acclaimed artists,who performed at a fraction of their usual rate to help keep the show on the air. Top performers such as Ella Fitzgerald, Peggy Lee, Mel Torme, Pearl Bailey, Mahalia Jackson, Sammy Davis, Jr., Tony Bennett, and Harry Belafonte, appeared for the minimum wage allowed by the union.
Despite the efforts of NBC, The Nat King Cole Show ultimately failed due to a lack of national sponsorship. The last episode of The Nat King Cole Show aired December 17, 1957. Cole praised NBC for its support and directly blamed the advertising industry. "Madison Avenue," Cole said, "is afraid of the dark."
Singer and actress Eartha Kitt, one of the program's guest stars, later reflected that Cole's sophisticated image, elegance, and interaction with white performers as equals "was dangerous" in an era when blacks appearing on television regularly were only in comic or subservient roles. "I think it was too early," Kitt said, "to show ourselves off as intelligent people."[2]
Although Cole had experienced virulent racism in his life and career, Cole, like Louis Armstrong, was never a crusader for racial justice. He was criticized by some for regularly performing in segregated-audience venues in the South, for instance. Then in 1956, he was assaulted on stage while singing the song "Little Girl" in Birmingham, Alabama, by three members of the North Alabama White Citizens' Council, who apparently were attempting to kidnap him.
The attack began at the rear of the auditorium when three men ran down the aisles towards Cole and his band. The invasion of the stage was quickly contained by local law enforcement but in the ensuing melée Cole was toppled from his piano bench and injured his back. Cole did not finish the concert and never again performed in the South. A fourth member of the group who had participated in the plot was later arrested in connection with the act. All were later tried and convicted for the assault.
1950s and beyond
Throughout the 1950s, Cole continued to rack up hit after hit, including "Smile," "Pretend," "A Blossom Fell," "If I May." His pop hits were collaborations with well-known arrangers and conductors of the day, including Nelson Riddle, Gordon Jenkins, and Ralph Carmichael. Riddle arranged several of Cole's 1950s albums, including his first 10-inch long-play album, his 1953 Nat King Cole Sings For Two In Love. Jenkins arranged Love Is the Thing, #1 on the album charts in April 1957.
In 1958, Cole went to Havana, Cuba, to record Cole Español, an album sung entirely in Spanish. The album was so popular in Latin America as well as in the United States that two others in the same vein followed: A Mis Amigos (sung in Spanish and Portuguese) in 1959, and More Cole Español in 1962. A Mis Amigos contains the Venezuelan hit "Ansiedad," whose lyrics Cole had learned while performing in Caracas in 1958. Cole learned songs in languages other than English by rote.
The change in musical tastes during the late 1950s meant that Cole's ballad singing did not sell well with younger listeners, despite a successful stab at rock n' roll with "Send For Me" (peaked at #6 pop). In 1960, Nat's long-time collaborator Nelson Riddle left Capitol Records for Frank Sinatra's newly formed Reprise Records label. Riddle and Cole recorded one final hit album Wild Is Love, based on lyrics by Ray Rasch and Dotty Wayne. Cole later retooled the concept album into an off-Broadway show, I'm With You.
Cole did manage to record some hit singles during the 1960s, including the country-flavored hit "Ramblin' Rose" and "Dear Lonely Hearts," "Those Lazy, Hazy, Crazy Days Of Summer," "Let Me Tell You, Babe," and "That Sunday, That Summer."
Cole performed in many short films, sitcoms, television shows, and played W. C. Handy in the film St. Louis Blues (1958). He also appeared in The Nat King Cole Story, China Gate, and The Blue Gardenia (1953). Cat Ballou (1965), his final film, was released several months after his death.
Personal life
Cole's first marriage, to Nadine Robinson, ended in 1948. On March 28, 1948 (Easter Sunday), just six days after his divorce became final, Cole married singer Maria Hawkins Ellington—no relation to Duke Ellington although she had sung with Ellington's band. They were married in Harlem's Abyssinian Baptist Church by Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. and had five children: daughter Natalie was born in 1950, followed by adoption of Carol (the daughter of Maria's sister, born in 1944) and a son Nat Kelly Cole (born in 1959), who died in 1995 at 36. Twin girls Casey and Timolin were born in 1961.
In 1948, Cole purchased a house in the all-white Hancock Park neighborhood of Los Angeles. The property owners association told Cole they did not want any undesirables moving in. Cole retorted "Neither do I. And if I see anybody undesirable coming in here, I'll be the first to complain."
On August 23, 1956, Cole spoke at the Republican National Convention in the Cow Palace, San Francisco, California. He was also present at the Democratic National Convention in 1960 to throw his support behind President John F. Kennedy. Cole was also among the dozens of entertainers recruited by Frank Sinatra to perform at the Kennedy Inaugural gala in 1961. Cole frequently consulted with President Kennedy (and later President Johnson) on the issue of civil rights.
Cole reportedly carried on affairs throughout his marriage. By the time he contracted lung cancer, he was estranged from his wife Maria while in a relationship with actress Gunilla Hutton, best known as Nurse Goodbody of Hee Haw fame. However, he was with his wife during his illness and she stayed with him until his death.
Death and legacy
Cole, a heavy smoker who would smoke as much as three packs of cigarettes a day, died of lung cancer while still at the height of his singing career. The day before he died, he did a radio interview, stating: "I am feeling better than ever. I think I've finally got this cancer licked."
He died on February 15, 1965, at St. John's Hospital in Santa Monica, California and his funeral was held in Los Angeles. His remains were interred inside Freedom Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Los Angeles.
His last album, L-O-V-E, was recorded in early December 1964—just a few days before entering the hospital for treatment—and released just prior to his death; it peaked at number four on the Billboard Albums chart in the spring of 1965. A Best Of album went gold in 1968. His 1957 recording of "When I Fall In Love" reached number four in the United Kingdom charts in 1987.
Cole was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1990, and in 1997 was inducted into the Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame. In 2007, he was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame.
In 1991, Mosaic Records released The Complete Capitol Recordings of the Nat King Cole Trio, an 18 compact disc set, consisting of 349 songs. (This special compilation also was available as a 27 high-quality LP record set.)
Nat's youngest brother Freddy Cole, and his daughter, Natalie Cole are also singers. In the summer of 1991, Natalie and her deceased father had an unexpected hit when Natalie mixed her own voice with her father's 1961 rendition of "Unforgettable," as part of her album paying tribute to her father's music. The song and the album of the same name won seven Grammy awards in 1992.
Discography (albums)
style="background:white; color:black"| Year | Album Title |
| 1944 | The King Cole Trio - Capitol Records (10 inch LP) |
| 1946 | The King Cole Trio Volume 2 (10 inch LP) |
| 1948 | The King Cole Trio Volume 3 (10 inch LP) |
| 1950 | Nat King Cole At The Piano (10 inch LP) |
| 1952 | Penthouse Serenade (10 inch LP) |
| 1952 | Top Pops (10 inch LP version) |
| 1952 | Harvest Of Hits (10 inch LP) |
| 1953 | Sings For Two In Love (10 inch LP) |
| 1954 | Unforgettable (10 inch originally, 12 inch following year) |
| 1955 | Penthouse Serenade (12 inch LP version) |
| 1955 | Nat King Cole Sings For Two In Love (12 inch LP version) |
| 1955 | 10th Anniversary Album (12 inch LP version) |
| 1955 | Top Pops (12 inch LP version) |
| 1955 | The Piano Style of Nat King Cole |
| 1956 | Ballads of the Day |
| 1957 | This Is Nat King Cole |
| 1957 | After Midnight |
| 1957 | Just One Of Those Things |
| 1957 | Love Is the Thing |
| 1958 | Cole Español |
| 1958 | St. Louis Blues |
| 1958 | The Very Thought Of You |
| 1958 | To Whom It May Concern |
| 1959 | Welcome To The Club |
| 1959 | A Mis Amigos |
| 1960 | Tell Me All About Yourself |
| 1960 | Everytime I Feel The Spirit |
| 1960 | Wild Is Love |
| 1960 | The Magic of Christmas |
| 1961 | The Nat King Cole Story |
| 1961 | The Touch of Your Lips |
| 1962 | Nat King Cole Sings/George Shearing Plays (Bonus LP added to later pressings) |
| 1962 | Ramblin' Rose |
| 1962 | Dear Lonely Hearts |
| 1962 | Chartbusters: Volume 2 (Capitol Compilation LP, features "Ramblin' Rose") |
| 1962 | More Cole Español |
| 1962 | Swingin' Side Of Nat King Cole (Reissue Of "Welcome To the Club") |
| 1963 | Nat King Cole Sings the Blues (Reissue Of St. Louis Blues) |
| 1963 | Those Lazy-Hazy-Crazy Days of Summer |
| 1963 | Chartbusters: Volume 3 (Capitol Compilation LP, features "That Sunday, That Summer" & "Mr. Wishing Well") |
| 1963 | Top Pops (Reissue of 1955 album) |
| 1963 | Where Did Everyone Go? |
| 1963 | The Christmas Song (Reissue Of Magic Of Christmas plus title song, minus "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen") |
| 1964 | Chartbusters: Volume 4 (Capitol Compilation LP, features "My True Carrie, Love") |
| 1964 | Nat King Cole Sings My Fair Lady |
| 1964 | Let's Face The Music! |
| 1964 | I Don't Want To Be Hurt Anymore |
| 1965 | L-O-V-E (Released weeks before Cole Died) |
| Compilations & Re-Releases (Released Posthumously) | |
| 1965 | Sings Songs From Cat Ballou & Other Motion Pictures |
| 1965 | Looking Back |
| 1965 | Unforgettable (1965 reissue of 1954 album) |
| 1965 | Sings Hymns & Spirituals (Reissue Of Every Time I Feel the Spirit) |
| 1965 | Nat King Cole Trio: The Vintage Years |
| 1965 | Nature Boy |
| 1966 | Nat King Cole At the Sands (Recorded Live on January 14, 1960) |
| 1966 | Sincerely, Nat King Cole |
| 1966 | Nat Cole Sings the Great Songs! |
| 1966 | Longines Symphonette Society Presents the Unforgettable Nat King Cole (Box Set) |
| 1967 | The Beautiful Ballads |
| 1967 | Thank You, Pretty Baby |
| 1968 | Best Of Nat King Cole |
| 1970 | The Magic Of Christmas With Children (Safeway Supermarket Promo LP) |
| 1973 | Nature Boy |
| 1974 | Our Love Is Here To Stay |
| 1974 | Love is a Many Splendored Thing |
| 1979 | Reader's Digest Presents: The Great Nat King Cole (4LP Box Set) |
| 1982 | Greatest Love Songs |
| 1983 | Unforgettable (Australia) |
| 1986 | The Christmas Song (1st CD Reissue of 1963 album) |
| 1987 | Unforgettable (1st CD Reissue Of 1954 album) |
| 1987 | Sings For Two In Love(and more) (1st CD Reissue Of 1955 album, plus 3 bonus tracks from "To Whom It May Concern") |
| 1987 | The Complete After Midnight Sessions (1st CD Reissue Of 1956 album, plus unreleased session tracks) |
| 1987 | Love Is the Thing(and more) (1st CD Reissue Of 1957 Album, plus 3 tracks from "Where Did Everyone Go") |
| 1987 | Just One Of Those Things(and more) (1st CD Reissue Of 1957 album, plus 3 tracks from "Let's Face the Music") |
| 1987 | Cole Espanol Vol 1 (CD reissue combines 10 tracks from "Cole Espanol," plus 5 tracks from "A Mis Amigos") |
| 1987 | Cole Espanol Vol 2 (CD reissue combines 10 tracks from "More Cole Espanol," plus 5 tracks from "A Mis Amigos") |
| 1987 | Ramblin' Rose(and more) (1st CD Reissue Of 1962 album, plus 3 tracks from "Dear Lonely Hearts") |
| 1987 | Nat King Cole Sings/George Shearing Plays (1st CD Reissue Of 1962 album, plus unreleased tracks) |
| 1987 | The Very Thought Of You (1st CD Reissue Of 1958 album, plus unreleased tracks) |
| 1987 | Every Time I Feel the Spirit (1st CD Reissue Of 1960 album) |
| 1990 | Hit That Jive, Jack |
| 1990 | Jumpin' at Capitol |
| 1990 | Capitol Collectors' Series |
| 1990 | Cole, Christmas and Kids |
| 1991 | Big Band Cole (Repackaging of Welcome To the Club with bonus tracks) |
| 1991 | The Complete Capitol Recordings Of the Nat King Cole Trio (Mammoth Box set from Mosaic Records of CT containing every recording Cole made in a trio context from 1942-1961. Came on 18CD's or 27 LP's) |
| 1991 | The Unforgettable Nat King Cole |
| 1991 | The Nat King Cole Story (1991 2-CD reissue of 1961 Double LP) |
| 1992 | LOVE (1st CD Reissue Of 1965 album, plus bonus single tracks) |
| 1992 | Ballads Of the Day (1st CD Reissue Of 1956 album, plus unreleased tracks) Above 2 titles were a limited time released to commemorate Capitol Records 50th anniversary. |
| 1992 | Nat King Cole At the Movies |
| 1992 | Christmas Favorites |
| 1992 | Selections From The Nat King Cole 4-CD Box Set (Promo) |
| 1992 | The Best Of The Nat King Cole Trio: The Instrumental Classics |
| 1993 | The Billy May Sessions (2Cd Set)Includes all tracks from "Just One Of Those Things" and "Let's Face the Music," plus various unreleased single records. |
| 1993 | Mis Mejores Canciones - 19 Super Exitos |
| 1994 | Greatest Hits (DCC Gold Disc version released 1995) |
| 1994 | Let's Face the Music & Dance (Not the 1964 album) |
| 1995 | Wild Is Love (1st CD Reissue Of 1960 album) |
| 1995 | To Whom It May Concern (1st CD Reissue Of 1958 album) |
| 1995 | St. Louis Blues (1st CD Reissue Of 1958 album) |
| 1996 | Chestnuts Roastin' (CEMA bargain CD release, contains 10 of the 14 tracks from "The Christmas Song" CD) |
| 1996 | Sincerely/The Beautiful Ballads (UK two-fer) |
| 1998 | The Frim Fram Sauce |
| 1998 | Dear Lonely Hearts/I Don't Want To Be Hurt Anymore (UK two-fer) |
| 1999 | Looking Back/Where Did Everyone Go? (UK two-fer) |
| 1999 | Live At The Circle Room (Radio Transcriptions From a 1944 Performance) |
| 1999 | The Christmas Song (1999 CD reissue restores all tracks from "The Magic Of Christmas," plus 3 versions of "The Christmas Song") |
| 2000 | Coast To Coast Live (1963 Concert At the Riverside Inn, Fresno, CA/1962 WNEW Radio Show) |
| 2000 | Route 66 |
| 2000 | Christmas & Kids: From One To Ninety Two (Reissue Of Cole, Christmas & Kids) |
| 2001 | The King Swings |
| 2001 | Try Not To Cry |
| 2001 | Night Lights (album recorded in 1956, but never released) |
| 2003 | Stepping Out of a Dream |
| 2003 | The Classic Singles (4 CD Book) |
| 2003 | 20 Golden Greats |
| 2003 | The Best Of... |
| 2003 | Love Songs |
| 2003 | The Nat King Cole Trio (With Famous Guests) |
| 2003 | The One And Only Nat King Cole |
| 2004 | Those Lazy, Hazy, Crazy Days Of Summer/My Fair Lady (UK two-fer) |
| 2004 | The Christmas Song (An Update on the 1999 CD reissue) |
| 2005 | The World Of Nat King Cole (Bonus DVD added 2006) |
| 2006 | The Very Best of Nat King Cole |
| 2006 | Stardust: The Complete Capitol Recordings, 1955-59 |
| 2006 | L-O-V-E: The Complete Capitol Recordings, 1960-64 |
Filmography
Features
- Citizen Kane (1941) (off-screen)
- Here Comes Elmer (1943)
- Pistol Packin' Mama (1943)
- Pin Up Girl (1944)
- Stars on Parade (1944)
- Swing in the Saddle (1944)
- See My Lawyer (1945)
- Breakfast in Hollywood (1946)
- Killer Diller (1948)
- Make Believe Ballroom (1949)
- The Blue Gardenia (1953)
- Small Town Girl (1953)
- Rock 'n' Roll Revue (1955)
- Rhythm and Blues Revue (1955)
- Basin Street Revue (1956)
- The Scarlet Hour (1956)
- Istanbul (1957)
- China Gate (1957)
- St. Louis Blues (1958)
- Night of the Quarter Moon (1959)
- Schlager-Raketen (1960)
- Cat Ballou (1965)
Short subjects
- King Cole Trio & Benny Carter Orchestra (1950)
- Nat King Cole and Joe Adams Orchestra (1952)
- Nat King Cole and Russ Morgan and His Orchestra (1953)
- The Nat King Cole Musical Story (1955)
Notes
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Epstein, Daniel M. Nat King Cole. New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 1999. ISBN 9780374219123
- Gourse, Leslie. Unforgettable: the life and mystique of Nat King Cole. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991. ISBN 9780312059828
- Haskins, James. Nat King Cole. New York: Stein and Day, 1984. ISBN 9780812829747
- Ruuth, Marianne. Nat King Cole. Los Angeles: Melrose Square Pub. Co., 1992. ISBN 9780870675935
External links
All links retrieved November 10, 2022.
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