Roland B. Dixon

Roland Burrage Dixon (November 6, 1875 – December 19, 1934) was an American cultural anthropologist, best remembered for his work at Harvard, where he organized one of the world’s most comprehensive anthropological libraries. He also contributed many detailed ethnographic studies of native tribes in America and Oceania, which have been valuable resources in understanding these cultures. Based on travels throughout the world, he developed models of the migration of cultural ideas, as well as the peoples of the world. One of his significant contributions in this area is his evidence for Native American Indians having originated in Mongolia.

His work promotes the view that humankind worldwide is connected in origin and history, despite very different developments, suggesting that a reunification of the human race is not impossible.

Life

Roland Burrage Dixon was born on November 6, 1875, in Worcester, Massachusetts, to the family of Louis Seaver Dixon and Ellen Burrage. He studied first at Hopkinson School and then Harvard, graduating in 1897.

Upon graduation he was appointed an assistant in anthropology at the Peabody Museum, participating in a field study and excavations of burial mounds in Madisonville, Ohio. After obtaining his master’s degree in 1898, he joined the American Museum of Natural History staff, with whom he participated in the Jesup North Pacific Expedition and the Huntington Expedition to California. In 1899, he started his study of Native American Indians in California, with which he earned his Ph.D. in 1900. His thesis, on the language of California’s Maidu Indians, was later published in Franz Boas’ Handbook of American Indian Languages.

In 1902, Dixon became a member of the faculty at Harvard University, serving as an assistant professor of anthropology from 1906 to 1915, and a full-time professor from 1915. At the same time he served as librarian at Peabody Museum (1904–1934), as secretary (1909–1934), and as curator of ethnology (1912–1934). During his directorship, the library grew to one of the most comprehensive anthropological libraries in the country.

Dixon conducted numerous expeditions and field studies. Besides his expeditions in the United States and Mexico, Dixon performed numerous cultural studies in New Zealand, Australia, Himalayas, Malaysia, Philippines, and Japan. His first major publication, Oceanic Mythology (1916), was among the first to describe cultures of Oceania. It became an important sourcebook for all subsequent studies of Polynesia.

In 1928, Dixon published his best known work, The Building of Cultures. He discussed the issues of cultural diffusion and the influence of environment on cultural traits. By noticing similarities in cultural traits around the world, Dixon wanted to trace migration of people and ideas, as they spread across the globe. In his other publications Dixon addressed linguistics, primitive art, folklore, and religion.

Besides ethnographical work, Dixon was interested in politics. In 1918, he became a member of the House Commission, which collected reports on the political conditions in Central Asia. Dixon spent several years with the commission, negotiating peace in Asia. However, he remained faithful to research and teaching, and died in 1934, just a few hours after giving a lecture at Harvard.

Work

Dixon studied the migration of peoples through the diffusion of ideas, as evidenced in various material objects. In his book, The Building of Cultures, he presented his study of numerous objects, found in various cultures around the world, which had certain similar traits. Through those similarities, Dixon was able to determine how certain ideas spread around the globe.

He applied the same idea in his book, The Racial History of Mankind, to the migration of peoples and races. Through tracing several physical traits throughout the world, Dixon made a map of racial migrations of early hominids. Although his technique was met with some criticism, he was able to show, by using scientific data, that Native American Indians are of Mongolian origin. In his work, Dixon was the first anthropologist to follow three different anthropometrical traits at once, unlike others who charted racial history by following only one single trait.

Dixon also remains known for his ethnographical work among California Indians and in Oceania. His 1905 book, Northern Maidu, was one of the first modern works on any native people of California. Although he was not trained in philology, Dixon studied their language and was able to correctly grasp its fundamental features with utmost precision. He published more than twenty other papers on California peoples in the period from 1915 to 1928.

Dixon’s studies of the peoples of Oceania are among the most detailed in existence, always approaching the issues from numerous angles. His knowledge of geography, history, folklore, archaeology, and linguistics was vast, enabling him to understand the peoples of Oceania better than any contemporary anthropologist. These studies Dixon published on Oceania continued to be used as source material long after his death.

Legacy

Roland Dixon remains famous for his contribution to the development of Harvard’s anthropological department, which, under his guidance became the leading center for the training of anthropologists in the United States. Dixon organized Harvard’s anthropological library, making it one of the world’s most comprehensive and functional anthropological libraries in the world.

His studies on Oceania’s cultures were pioneering, and have served as important sources of information for all subsequent cultural studies of the region. His work on California Native American Indians remains among the most fundamental in the area.

Dixon’s personality prevented him from becoming a famous scholar or attracting any greater number of followers. He was a rather withdrawn and introverted man, who preferred solitude and rarely made social contacts. For that reason he did not have many supporters, and many of his ideas were slowly pushed aside or disregarded by later anthropologists.

Publications

• Dixon, Roland B. 1899. The Color-Symbolism of the Cardinal Points. Journal of American Folk-lore 12:10–16.
• Dixon, Roland B. 1902. Maidu Myths. The Huntington California Expedition. Bulletin, American Museum of Natural History 17:33–118.
• Dixon, Roland B. 1905. The Shasta-Achomawi. A New Linguistic Stock, with Four New Dialects. American Anthropologist 7:213–17.
• Dixon, Roland B. 1906. California Folk-Lore: Water Monsters in Northern California. Journal of American Folk-Lore 19:323.
• Dixon, Roland B. 1909. The Mythology of the Central and Eastern Algonkins. Journal of American Folk-Lore 22:1–9.
• Dixon, Roland B. 1911. Maidu. An Illustrative Sketch (Handbook of American Indian Languages, Part I). Bulletin, Bureau of American Ethnology 40:679–734.
• Dixon, Roland B. 1916. The Distribution of the Methods of Fire-Making. American Anthropologist 18:445–46.
• Dixon, Roland B. 1920. A New Theory of Polynesian Origins. Proceedings, American Philosophical Society 59:261–67.
• Dixon, Roland B. 1922. Review of Clark Wissler, “The American Indian.” American Anthropologist 24:373–76.
• Dixon, Roland B. 1923. The Racial History of Man. New York: Charles Scribners Sons.
• Dixon, Roland B. 1928. The Building of Cultures. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0404159176
• Dixon, Roland B. 1929. The Peopling of the Pacific. Philippine Magazine 26:197, 244–47.
• Dixon, Roland B. 1930. Recent Archaeological Discoveries in the Philippines and their Bearing on the Prehistory of Eastern Asia. Proceedings, American Philosophical Society 69:225–29.
• Dixon, Roland B. 1973. Maidu Texts (American Ethnological Society Publications No 40). Ams Press. ISBN 0404581544
• Dixon, Roland B. 1982. The Buildings of Cultures. Scribner. ISBN 0404159176
• Dixon, Roland B., and Kroeber, A. L. 1903. The Native Languages of California. American Anthropologist 5:1–26.
• Dixon, Roland B., and Swanton, John R. 1914. Primitive American History. American Anthropologist 16:376–412.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Boaz, Franz. 1911. Handbook of the American Indian Language, 2 vol. Reprint Services. ISBN 0781240409
• Carleton, S., and Andrews, J. M., eds. 1943. Studies in the Anthropology of Oceania and Asia. Peabody Museum, Harvard University Press.

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