Winslow Homer
Winslow Homer (February 24, 1836 – September 29, 1910) was an American landscape painter and printmaker. Largely self-taught, he excelled equally in the arts of illustration, oil painting, and watercolor. The broad range of his work encompasses the many places he visited as an artist, from Civil War battlefields to northern England's desolate coast, to the tropical locale of the Caribbean.
Although he is often remembered for his pictures of bucolic scenes from nineteenth century American farm life, his later work depicts humanity's often heroic struggle with the forces of nature, particularly the sea. A versatile artist who displayed a wide range of subjects, styles, and mediums, he is considered a preeminent figure in American art.
Early life and career
Winslow Homer was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the second of three sons of Henrietta Benson, an amateur watercolorist, and Charles Savage Homer, a hardware importer. At the age of 19, he was apprenticed to a commercial lithographer for two years before becoming a freelance illustrator in 1857. Soon he was a major contributor to such popular magazines as Harper’s Weekly. In 1859, he moved to New York to be closer to the publishers that commissioned his illustrations.
His early works, mostly commercial engravings, are characterized by clean outlines, simplified forms, dramatic contrast of light and dark, and lively figure groupings—qualities that remained important throughout his career.
From 1861 to 1865, Homer went to the front lines of the American Civil War, where he sketched battle scenes for Harper's. His illustration of soldiers entertaining themselves and other incidents of camp life were hugely popular. Later, Homer was to abandon illustration completely; however, his work for books and magazines mark him as an important contributor to both children's literature and Civil War journalism.[1]
After the war, Homer set to work on a series of war-related paintings, among them Sharpshooter on Picket Duty, and Prisoners from the Front, which is noted for its objectivity and realism. The latter painting is now a part of the permanent collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.[2]
Landscapes and rural scenes
After exhibiting at the National Academy of Design, Homer traveled to Paris, France, in 1867, where he remained for a year. He practiced landscape painting while continuing to work for Harper's. Though his interest in depicting natural light and his bold use of color parallels that of the impressionists, there is no evidence of direct influence.
Homer began to gain acclaim as a painter in the late 1870s and early 1880s, during which time he painted mostly rural or idyllic scenes of farm life, children playing, and young adults courting. One of the most notable paintings from that era was the 1872 composition, Snap-the-Whip, which was exhibited at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Homer's straightforward sensibility also yielded the most unaffected views of African-American life up until that time. Several pictures of negro life in Virginia were painted in the late 1870s, notably the "Visit from the Old Mistress," which is now in the National Gallery of Art, Washington.[3]
Cullercoats, England
In 1875, Homer quit working as a commercial illustrator. He traveled widely, spending two years (1881–1882) in the English coastal village of Cullercoats, Northumberland, where he rekindled his boyhood interest in the sea, and painted the local fishermen.
Many of the paintings at Cullercoats also took as their subjects young women mending nets or looking out to sea; they were imbued with a solidity, sobriety, and earthy heroism which was new to Homer's art, and they presage the direction of his future work.
Maine and maturity
Homer's most memorable work was not undertaken until after the age of forty-five when he returned to the United States and settled in Prout's Neck, Maine. He then began to focus on the watercolors seascapes that would come to define his oevre.
There, observing the local fishermen, he became preoccupied with humanity's struggle against the forces of nature, particularly the sea. These later paintings depict the daring deeds of the coast guard, shipwrecks, and storms at sea in a manner which combines dramatic power with intimate design. Among this series of compositions are: Watching the Tempest, Perils of the Sea, The Life Brigade, and The Ship's Boat.
During this era, he also painted the dramatic struggle with nature, images for which he is perhaps best known including: Banks Fisherman, Eight Bells, The Gulf Stream, Rum Cay, Mending the Nets, and Searchlight, Harbor Entrance, Santiago de Cuba.
In the winter, Homer ventured to warmer locations in Florida, Cuba, and the Bahamas. Additionally he found inspiration in a number of summer trips to the North Woods Club, near the hamlet of Minerva, New York, in the Adirondack Mountains.
Homer died at the age of 74, in his Prout's Neck studio and was interred in the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His painting, Shoot the Rapids, remains unfinished.
Legacy
Homer was once described as the "painter of national identity" for his Civil War and genre scenes, but he will probably be best remembered for his works that capture the beauty and the mystery of the sea.[4]
His pictorial description of each of the places that he visited, including the early seascapes of the East Coast and the vibrant tropical watercolors of the Bahamas, highlights their uniqueness. Direct observation was important to Homer; he once remarked, that "he painted only what he saw." [5]
Homer's works strongly influenced succeeding generations of American painters with their direct and energetic interpretation of man's stoic relationship to nature that was often neutral yet at other times harsh and unrelenting.
One biographer has called Homer the greatest pictorial poet of outdoor life in nineteenth century America. "In his energy, his wide range, the pristine freshness of his vision, and his simple sensuous vitality, he expressed certain aspects of the American spirit as no preceding artist had."
During his lifetime Winslow Homer was a member of the The Tile Club, a group of artists and writers who met frequently to exchange ideas. Other well known members of the group were painters William Merritt Chase, Arthur Quartley, and the sculptor Augustus Saint Gaudens.
Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates paid a record $30 million in 1998, for Lost on the Grand Banks, the last major seascape by Homer that was still in private hands. Gates paid nearly three times the record for an American painting that was set in 1996, when Cashmere, by John Singer Sargent sold for $11.1 million at Sotheby's auction house.[6]
Gallery
Flyfishing (etching)
Croquetspiel-1864
Es frischt auf-1876
The Bridle Path -1868
An October Day-1889
West Point, Prout's Neck-1900
Bayonet charge-1862
The Herring Net-1885
Notes
- ↑ "Winslow Homer," Contemporary Authors Online (Gale, 2007).
- ↑ Metmuseum.og, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
- ↑ John Updike, Still Looking: Essays on American Art (New York: Knopf). ISBN 1400044189
- ↑ "Winslow Homer: Poet of the Sea," American Art Review (August 2006).
- ↑ Thomas Caven, ed., A Treasury of Art Masterpieces: From the Renaissance to the Present Day (Simon & Schuster, 1939).
- ↑ CNN, Gates pays record $30 million for Winslow Homer painting. Retrieved August 18, 2007.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Craven, Thomas. A Treasury of Art Masterpieces: From the Renaissance to the Present Day. Simon & Schuster, 1939.
- Levy, Sophie, ed. 2006. Winslow Homer: Poet of the Sea. Terra Foundation For American Art. ISBN 0932171508
- Little, Carl. 1995. Winslow Homer and the Sea. Rohnert Park, Calif: Pomegranate Artbook. ISBN 0876544790
- Griffin, Randall C., and Winslow Homer. 2006. Winslow Homer: An American Vision. London: Phaidon. ISBN 9780714839929
- Hendricks, Gordon. 1979. The Life and Work of Winslow Homer. New York: H.N. Abrams. ISBN 0810910632
- Johns, Elizabeth. 2002. Winslow Homer: The Nature of Observation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0520227255
External links
All links retrieved May 17, 2023.
- "Winslow Homer Artwork Examples", AskART.
- Weinberg, Barbara H., Timeline of Art History, 2000; "Winslow Homer: 1836-1910", The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
