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In musical tuning, a temperament is a system of tuning which slightly compromises the pure intervals of just intonation in order to meet other requirements of the system. In just intonation, every interval between two pitches corresponds to a whole number ratio between their frequencies. Such just intervals have a stability, or purity to their sound. If one of those pitches is adjusted slightly, that stability decreases, and slow changes in the timbre of the interval's sound begin to appear—an effect known as beating. As the adjustment becomes more severe, the beating becomes faster. To intentionally choose an interval with beating as a substitute for a just interval is the act of tempering that interval. These adjustments can make different musical possibilities available to the musician that would be impractical in just intonation.

Notre-Dame de Paris is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité (an island in the River Seine), in Paris, France. A widely recognized symbol of both the city of Paris and the French nation, it has several notable attributes, including rib vaults and flying buttresses, enormous and colorful rose windows, and the naturalism and abundance of its sculptural decoration. Notre-Dame is also exceptional for its three pipe organs and its immense church bells. A fire in April 2019 caused serious damage, closing the cathedral for repairs; it reopened in December 2024.