Arthur C. Clarke

Sir Arthur C. Clarke, CBE
Arthur C. Clarke at his home office in Colombo, Sri Lanka, March 28, 2005
Born	December 16, 1917 Minehead, Somerset, United Kingdom
Died	March 19, 2008 Colombo, Sri Lanka
Pen name	Charles Willis, E.G. O'Brien
Occupation	Author, Inventor
Nationality	British (English) and Sri Lankan
Genres	Hard Science Fiction, Popular Science
Subjects	Science
Notable work(s)	Childhood's End 2001: A Space Odyssey The City and the Stars The Songs of Distant Earth Rendezvous with Rama The Fountains of Paradise
Spouse(s)	Marilyn Mayfield (1953-1964)
Influences	H. G. Wells, Jules Verne, Lord Dunsany, Olaf Stapledon
Influenced	Stephen Baxter
Official website

Sir Arthur Charles Clarke, CBE, Sri Lankabhimanya (December 16, 1917–March 19, 2008) was a British science fiction author, inventor, and futurist, most famous for the novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, written in collaboration with director Stanley Kubrick, a collaboration which led also to the film of the same name; and as a host and commentator in the British television series Mysterious World.

Clarke served in the Royal Air Force as a radar instructor and technician from 1941-1946, proposed satellite communication systems in 1945 which won him the Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Gold Medal in 1963 and a nomination in 1994 for a Nobel Prize, and 1999 for literature , and became the chairman of the British Interplanetary Society from 1947-1950 and again in 1953. Later, he helped fight for the preservation of lowland gorillas. He won the UNESCO-Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science in 1961.

Clarke professed little interest in religious questions, but considered himself an atheist. He was knighted in 1998. He emigrated to Sri Lanka in 1956 largely to pursue his interest in scuba diving, and lived there until his death.

Biography

Clarke was born in Minehead, Somerset, England. As a boy he enjoyed stargazing and reading old American science fiction pulp magazines. After secondary school and studying at Huish's Grammar School, Taunton, he was unable to afford a university education but instead took a job as an auditor in the pensions section of the Board of Education.

During the Second World War he served in the Royal Air Force as a radar specialist in the early warning radar defense system, which contributed to the RAF's success during the Battle of Britain. Clarke spent most of his wartime service working on Ground Controlled Approach (GCA) radar as documented in the semi-autobiographical Glide Path, his only non-Science Fiction novel. Although GCA did not see much practical use in the war, it proved vital to the Berlin Airlift of 1948–1949 after several years of development. Clarke initially served in the ranks, and was a Corporal instructor on radar at No 9 Radio School, RAF Yatesbury. He was commissioned as a Pilot Officer (Technical Branch) on May 27, 1943. He was promoted Flying Officer on November 27, 1943. He was appointed chief training instructor at RAF Honiley and was demobilized with the rank of Flight Lieutenant. After the war he earned a first-class degree in mathematics and physics at King's College London.

In the postwar years, Clarke became the chairman of the British Interplanetary Society from 1947-1950 and again in 1953. Although he was not the originator of the concept of geostationary satellites, one of his most important contributions may be his idea that they would be ideal telecommunications relays. He advanced this idea in a paper privately circulated among the core technical members of the BIS in 1945. The concept was published in Wireless World in October of that year. Clarke also wrote a number of non-fiction books describing the technical details and societal implications of rocketry and space flight. The most notable of these may be The Exploration of Space (1951) and The Promise of Space (1968). In recognition of these contributions the geostationary orbit 36,000 kilometers (22,000 mi) above the equator is officially recognized by the International Astronomical Union as a "Clarke Orbit."

In 1953, Clarke met and quickly married Marilyn Mayfield, a 22-year-old American divorcee with a young son. They separated permanently after six months, although the divorce was not finalized until 1964. "The marriage was incompatible from the beginning," says Clarke. Clarke never remarried but was close to Leslie Ekanayake, who died in 1977. Journalists who inquired of Clarke whether he was gay were told, "No, merely mildly cheerful." However, Michael Moorcock has written, "Everyone knew he was gay. In the 1950s I'd go out drinking with his boyfriend."

Writing career

While Clarke had a few stories published in fanzines, between 1937 and 1945, his first professional sales appeared in Astounding Science Fiction in 1946: "Loophole" was published in April, while "Rescue Party," his first sale, was published in May. Along with his writing Clarke briefly worked as Assistant Editor of Science Abstracts (1949) before devoting himself to writing full-time from 1951 onward. Clarke also contributed to the Dan Dare series published in Eagle, and his first three published novels were written for children.

Clarke corresponded with C. S. Lewis in the 1940s and 1950s and they once met in an Oxford pub, The Eastgate, to discuss science fiction and space travel. Clarke, after Lewis's death, voiced great praise for him, saying the Ransom Trilogy was one of the few works of science fiction that could be considered literature.

In 1948 he wrote "The Sentinel" for a BBC competition. Though the story was rejected it changed the course of Clarke's career. Not only was it the basis for A Space Odyssey, but "The Sentinel" also introduced a more mystical and cosmic element to Clarke's work. Many of Clarke's later works feature a technologically advanced but prejudiced mankind confronted by a superior alien intelligence. In the cases of The City and the Stars (and its original version, Against the Fall of Night), Childhood's End, and the 2001 series, this encounter produces a conceptual breakthrough that accelerates humanity into the next stage of its evolution. In Clarke's authorized biography, Neil McAleer writes that: "many readers and critics still consider [Childhood's End] Arthur C. Clarke's best novel."

Clarke lived in Sri Lanka from 1956 until his death in 2008, having emigrated there when it was still called Ceylon, first in Unawatuna on the south coast, and then in Colombo. Clarke held citizenship of both the UK and Sri Lanka. He was an avid scuba diver and a member of the Underwater Explorers Club. Living in Sri Lanka afforded him the opportunity to visit the ocean year-round. It also inspired the locale for his novel The Fountains of Paradise in which he described a space elevator. Clarke believed that space elevators will ultimately replace space shuttles obsolete, and that these moreso than geostationary satellites will be his main legacy.

His many predictions culminated in 1958 when he began a series of essays in various magazines that eventually became Profiles of the Future published in book form in 1962. A timetable up to the year 2100 describes inventions and ideas including such things as a "global library" for 2005.

Early in his career Clarke had a fascination with the paranormal and stated that it was part of the inspiration for his novel Childhood's End. He also said that he was one of several who were fooled by a Uri Geller demonstration at Birkbeck College. Although he eventually dismissed and distanced himself from nearly all pseudoscience he continued to advocate research into psychokinesis and similar phenomena.

Last years

In the early 1970s Clarke signed a three-book publishing deal, a record for a science-fiction writer at the time. The first of the three was Rendezvous with Rama in 1973, which won him all the main genre awards and has spawned sequels that, along with the 2001 series, formed the backbone of his later career.

In 1975 Clarke's short story "The Star" was not included in a new high school English textbook in Sri Lanka because of concerns that it might offend Roman Catholics even though it had already been selected. The same textbook also caused controversy because it replaced Shakespeare's work with that of Bob Dylan, John Lennon and Isaac Asimov.

In the 1980s Clarke became well known to many for his television programmes Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World, Arthur C. Clarke's World of Strange Powers and Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious Universe.

In 1986 he was named a Grand Master by the Science Fiction Writers of America.

In 1988 he was diagnosed with post-polio syndrome, having originally contracted polio in 1959, and needed to use a wheelchair most of the time thereafter. Sir Arthur C Clarke was for many years a Vice Patron of the British Polio Fellowship.

In the 1989 Queen's Birthday Honours Clarke was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) "for services to British cultural interests in Sri Lanka." The same year he became the first Chancellor of the International Space University, serving from 1989 to 2004 and he also served as Chancellor of Moratuwa University in Sri Lanka from 1979 to 2002.

In 1994, Clarke appeared in a science fiction film; he portrayed himself in the telefilm Without Warning, an American production about an apocalyptic alien first contact scenario presented in the form of a faux newscast.

On May 26, 2000 he was made a Knight Bachelor "for services to literature" at a ceremony in Colombo. The award of a knighthood had been announced in the 1998 New Year Honours, but investiture with the award had been delayed, at Clarke's request, because of an accusation, by the British tabloid The Sunday Mirror, of paedophilia. The charge was subsequently found to be baseless by the Sri Lankan police. According to The Daily Telegraph (London), the Mirror subsequently published an apology. Clarke was then duly knighted.

In September 2007, he provided a video greeting for NASA's Cassini probe's flyby of Iapetus (which plays an important role in 2001: A Space Odyssey).

In December 2007 on his ninetieth birthday, Clarke recorded a video message to his friends and fans bidding them good-bye.

Clarke died in Sri Lanka on March 19, 2008 after suffering from breathing problems, according to Rohan de Silva, one of his aides, only a few days after he had reviewed the final manuscript of his latest work, The Last Theorem, co-written with Frederik Pohl. He was buried in Colombo in traditional Sri Lankan fashion on March 22, with his younger brother, Fred Clarke, and his Sri Lankan adoptive family among the thousands in attendance.

Position on religion

Themes of religion and spirituality appear in much of Clarke's writing. In 2000, Clarke told the Sri Lankan newspaper, The Island, "I don't believe in God or an afterlife," and he identifies himself as an atheist. He was honored as a Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism. He has also described himself as a "crypto-Buddhist," insisting that Buddhism is not a religion. He displayed little interest about religion early in his life, for example, only discovering a few months after marrying his wife, that she had strong Presbyterian beliefs.

In a three-day interview described as "a dialogue on man and his world" with Alan Watts, Clarke said that he could not forgive religions for the atrocities and wars over time and admitted a bias against religion in a 1972 interview.

In his introduction to the penultimate episode of Mysterious World, entitled, Strange Skies, Clarke said, "I sometimes think that the universe is a machine designed for the perpetual astonishment of astronomers."

Near the very end of that same episode, the last segment of which covered the Star of Bethlehem, he stated that his favorite theory was that it might be a pulsar. Given that pulsars were discovered in the interval between his writing the short story, The Star (1955), and making Mysterious World (1980), and given the more recent discovery of pulsar PSR B1913+16, he said, "how romantic, if even now, we can hear the dying voice of a star, which heralded the Christian era."

Clark left written instructions for a funeral that stated, "absolutely no religious rites of any kind, relating to any religious faith, should be associated with my funeral."

Themes, style, and influences

Clarke's work is marked by an optimistic view of science empowering mankind's exploration of the solar system. His early-published stories would usually feature the extrapolation of a technological innovation or scientific breakthrough into the underlying decadence of his own society.

"The Sentinel" (1948) introduced a spiritual theme into Clarke's work, a theme that he later explored more deeply in The City and the Stars (and its earlier version, Against the Fall of Night). His interest in the paranormal was influenced by Charles Fort and embraced the belief that humanity may be the property of an ancient alien civilization. Surprisingly for a writer who is often held up as an example of hard science fiction's obsession with technology, three of Clarke's novels have this as a theme. Another theme of "The Sentinel" was the notion that the evolution of an intelligent species would eventually make them something close to gods, which was also explored in his 1953 novel Childhood's End. He also briefly touched upon this idea in his novel Imperial Earth. This idea of transcendence through evolution seems to have been influenced by Olaf Stapledon, who wrote a number of books dealing with this theme. Clarke has said of Stapledon's 1930 book Last and First Men that "No other book had a greater influence on my life ... [It] and its successor Star Maker (1937) are the twin summits of [Stapledon's] literary career."

Adapted screenplays

2001: A Space Odyssey

Clarke's first venture into film was the Stanley Kubrick directed 2001: A Space Odyssey. Kubrick and Clarke had met in 1964 to discuss the possibility of a collaborative film project. As the idea developed, it was decided that the story for the film was to be loosely based on Clarke's short story "The Sentinel," written in 1948 as an entry in a BBC short story competition. Originally, Clarke was going to write the screenplay for the film, but this proved to be more tedious than he had estimated. Instead, Kubrick and Clarke decided it would be best to write a novel first and then adapt it for the film upon its completion. However, as Clarke was finishing the book, the screenplay was also being written simultaneously.

Clarke's influence on the directing of 2001: A Space Odyssey is also felt in one of the most memorable scenes in the movie when astronaut Bowman shuts down HAL by removing modules from service one by one. As this happens, we witness HAL's consciousness degrading. By the time HAL's logic is completely gone, he begins singing the song Daisy Bell. This song was chosen based on a visit by Clarke to his friend and colleague John Pierce at the Bell Labs Murray Hill facility. A speech synthesis demonstration by physicist John Larry Kelly, Jr was taking place. Kelzly was using an IBM 704 computer to synthesize speech. His voice recorder synthesizer, vocoder, reproduced the vocal for Daisy Bell, with musical accompaniment from Max Mathews. Arthur C. Clarke was so impressed that he later told Kubrick to use it in this climactic scene.

Due to the hectic schedule of the film's production, Kubrick and Clarke had difficulty collaborating on the book. Clarke completed a draft of the novel at the end of 1964 with the plan to publish in 1965 in advance of the film's release in 1966. After many delays the film was released in the spring of 1968, before the book was completed. The book was credited to Clarke alone. Clarke later complained that this had the effect of making the book into a novelization, and that Kubrick had manipulated circumstances to downplay Clarke's authorship. For these and other reasons, the details of the story differ slightly from the book to the movie. The film is a bold artistic piece with little explanation for the events taking place. Clarke, on the other hand, wrote thorough explanations of "cause and effect" for the events in the novel. James Randi later recounted that upon seeing 2001 for the first time, Clarke left the movie theater during the first break crying because he was so upset about how the movie had turned out. Despite their differences, both film and novel were well received.

In 1972, Clarke published The Lost Worlds of 2001, which included his account of the production and alternate versions of key scenes. The "special edition" of the novel A Space Odyssey (released in 1999) contains an introduction by Clarke, documenting his account of the events leading to the release of the novel and film.

2010

In 1982 Clarke continued the 2001 epic with a sequel, 2010: Odyssey Two. This novel was also made into a film, 2010, directed by Peter Hyams for release in 1984. Due to the political environment in America in the 1980s, the novel and film present a Cold War theme, with the looming tensions of nuclear warfare. The film was not the revolutionary artistic success that 2001 was, but the reviews were still positive.

Clarke's email correspondence with Hyams was published in 1984. Titled The Odyssey File: The Making of 2010, and co-authored with Hyams, it illustrates his fascination with the then-pioneering medium and its use for them to communicate on an almost daily basis at the time of planning and production of the film while living on different continents. The book also includes Clarke's list of the best science-fiction films ever made.

Essays and short stories

Most of Clarke's essays (from 1934 to 1998) can be found in the book Greetings, Carbon-Based Bipeds! (2000). Most of his short stories can be found in the book The Collected Stories of Arthur C. Clarke (2001). Another collection of early essays was published in The View from Serendip (1977), which also included one short piece of fiction, "When the Twerms Came." He wrote short stories under the pseudonyms of E. G. O'Brien and Charles Willis.

Concept of the geostationary communications satellite

Geostationary orbit

Clarke's most important scientific contribution may be his idea that geostationary satellites would be ideal telecommunications relays. He described this concept in a paper titled Extra-Terrestrial Relays—Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?, published in Wireless World in October 1945. The geostationary orbit is now sometimes known as the Clarke Orbit or the Clarke Belt in his honor.

However, it is not clear that this article was actually the inspiration for the modern telecommunications satellite. John R. Pierce, of Bell Labs, arrived at the idea independently in 1954 and he was actually involved in the Echo satellite and Telstar projects. Moreover, Pierce stated that the idea was "in the air" at the time and certain to be developed regardless of Clarke's publication. Nevertheless, Clarke described the idea so thoroughly that his article has been cited as prior art in judgments denying patents on the concept.

Though different from Clarke's idea of telecom relay, the idea of communicating with satellites in geostationary orbit itself had been described earlier. For example, the concept of geostationary satellites was described in Hermann Oberth's 1923 book Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen(The Rocket into Interplanetary Space) and then the idea of radio communication with those satellites in Herman Poto_nik's (written under the pseudonym Hermann Noordung) 1928 book Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums—der Raketen-Motor section: Providing for Long Distance Communications and Safety published in Berlin. Clarke acknowledged the earlier concept in his book Profiles of the Future.

Legacy

Following the release of 2001, Clarke became much in demand as a commentator on science and technology, especially at the time of the Apollo space program. The Command Module of the Apollo 13 craft named "Odyssey." In 1986, Clarke provided a grant to fund the prize money (initially £1,000) for the Arthur C. Clarke Award for the best science fiction novel published in Britain in the previous year. In 2001 the prize was increased to £2,001, and its value now matches the year (e.g., £2,005 in 2005). Clarke served as a distinguished vice-president of the H. G. Wells Society, whose influence Clarke acknowledged.

Awards, honors and other recognition

Clarke shared a 1969 Academy Award nomination with Stanley Kubrick in the category, Best Writing, Story and Screenplay - Written Directly for the Screen for 2001: A Space Odyssey. Clarke received a CBE in 1989, and was knighted in 2000. Clarke's health did not allow him to travel to London to receive the honor personally from the Queen, so the United Kingdom's High Commissioner to Sri Lanka invested him as a Knight Bachelor at a ceremony in Colombo. In 1994, Clarke was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize by law professor Glenn Reynolds. In 1999, Clarke was nominated for a Nobel Literature Prize by professor Petar Bosnic Petrus. On November 14, 2005 Sri Lanka awarded Arthur C. Clarke its highest civilian award, the Sri Lankabhimanya (The Pride of Sri Lanka), for his contributions to science and technology and his commitment to his adopted country.

Partial bibliography

Novels

• Prelude to Space (1951)
• The Sands of Mars (1951)
• Islands in the Sky (1952)
• Against the Fall of Night (1948, 1953) original version of The City and the Stars
• Childhood's End (1953)
• Earthlight (1955)
• The City and the Stars (1956)
• The Deep Range (1957)
• A Fall of Moondust (1961)
• Dolphin Island (1963)
• Glide Path (1963)
• 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
• Rendezvous with Rama (1972)
• A Meeting with Medusa (1972)
• Imperial Earth (1975)
• The Fountains of Paradise (1979)
• 2010: Odyssey Two (1982)
• The Songs of Distant Earth (1986)
• 2061: Odyssey Three (1988)
• Cradle (1988) (with Gentry Lee)
• Rama II (1989) (with Gentry Lee)
• Beyond the Fall of Night (1990) (with Gregory Benford)
• The Ghost from the Grand Banks (1990)
• The Garden of Rama (1991) (with Gentry Lee)
• Rama Revealed (1993) (with Gentry Lee)
• The Hammer of God (1993)
• Richter 10 (1996) (with Mike McQuay)
• 3001: The Final Odyssey (1997)
• The Trigger (1999) (with Michael P. Kube-McDowell)
• The Light of Other Days (2000) (with Stephen Baxter)
• Time's Eye (2003) (with Stephen Baxter)
• Sunstorm (2005) (with Stephen Baxter)
• Firstborn (2007) (with Stephen Baxter)
• The Last Theorem (to be published in 2008) (with Frederik Pohl)

Omnibus editions

• Across the Sea of Stars (1959) (including Childhood's End, Earthlight and 18 short stories)
• From the Ocean, From the Stars (1962) (including The City and the Stars, The Deep Range and The Other Side of the Sky)
• An Arthur C. Clarke Omnibus (1965) (including Childhood's End, Prelude to Space and Expedition to Earth)
• Prelude to Mars (1965) (including Prelude to Space and The Sands of Mars)
• The Lion of Comarre and Against the Fall of Night (1968)
• An Arthur C. Clarke Second Omnibus (1968) (including A Fall of Moondust, Earthlight and The Sands of Mars)
• Four Great SF Novels (1978) (including The City and the Stars, The Deep Range, A Fall of Moondust, Rendezvous with Rama)
• The Space Trilogy (2001) (including Islands in the Sky, Earthlight and The Sands of Mars)

Short story collections

• Expedition to Earth (1953)
• Reach for Tomorrow (1956)
• Tales from the White Hart (1957)
• The Other Side of the Sky (1958)
• Tales of Ten Worlds (1962)
• The Nine Billion Names of God (1967)
• Of Time and Stars (1972)
• The Wind from the Sun (1972)
• The Best of Arthur C. Clarke (1973)
• The Sentinel (1983)
• Tales From Planet Earth (1990)
• More Than One Universe (1991)
• The Collected Stories of Arthur C. Clarke (2001)

Non-fiction

• Interplanetary Flight: an introduction to astronautics. London: Temple Press, 1950
• The Exploration of Space. New York: Harper, 1951
• The Coast of Coral. New York: Harper, 1957—Volume 1 of the Blue planet trilogy
• The Reefs of Taprobane; Underwater Adventures around Ceylon. New York: Harper, 1957—Volume 2 of the Blue planet trilogy
• The Making of a Moon: the Story of the Earth Satellite Program. New York: Harper, 1957
• Boy beneath the sea, Photos by Mike Wilson. Text by Arthur C. Clarke. New York: Harper, 1958
• The Challenge of the Space Ship: Previews of Tomorrow’s World. New York: Harper, 1959
• The Challenge of the Sea. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960
• Profiles of the Future; an Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible. New York: Harper & Row, 1962
• The Treasure of the Great Reef. New York: Harper & Row, 1964—Volume 3 of the Blue planet trilogy
• Voices from the Sky: Previews of the Coming Space Age. New York: Harper & Row, 1965
• The Promise of Space. New York: Harper, 1968
• Into Space: a Young Person’s Guide to Space, by Arthur C. Clarke and Robert Silverberg. New York: Harper & Row, 1971
• Report on Planet Three and Other Speculations. New York: Harper & Row, 1972
• The Lost Worlds of 2001. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1972
• Voice Across the Sea. HarperCollins, 1975
• The View from Serendip. Random House, 1977
• The Odyssey File. Email correspondence with Peter Hyams. London: Panther Books, 1984
• 1984, Spring: a Choice of Futures. New York: Ballantine Books, 1984
• Ascent to Orbit, a Scientific Autobiography: The Technical Writings of Arthur C. Clarke. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1984
• Astounding Days: A Science Fictional Autobiography. London: Gollancz, 1989
• How the World Was One: Beyond the Global Village. New York : Bantam Books, 1992—A history and survey of the communications revolution
• By Space Possessed. London: Gollancz, 1993
• The Snows of Olympus - A Garden on Mars (1994, picture album with comments)
• An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural, 1995, St. Martin's Press ISBN 0-312-15119-5 (Online Version)
• Fractals: The Colors of Infinity (1997, narrator)
• Arthur C. Clarke & Lord Dunsany: A Correspondence 1945-1956. ed. Keith Allen Daniels. Palo Alto, CA, USA: Anamnesis Press, 1998.
• Greetings, Carbon-Based Bipeds! : Collected Works 1934-1988. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999
• Profiles of the Future; an Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible (updated edition). New York: Harper & Row, 1999, ISBN 057506790X, ISBN 9780575067905
• From Narnia to A Space Odyssey: The War of Ideas Between Arthur C. Clarke and C. S. Lewis. Edited with an Introduction by Ryder W. Miller. Ibooks (distr. by Simon & Schuster), 2003. Republished in 2005 with new sub-title "Stories , letters, and commentary by and about C. S. Lewis and Arthur C. Clarke."
• The Coming of the Space Age; famous accounts of man's probing of the universe, selected and edited by Arthur C. Clarke.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Agel, Jerome. The Making of Kubrick's 2001. New York: New American Library, 1970. OCLC 109475
• Clarke, Arthur C. and Alan Watts. At the interface: technology and mysticism. Playboy 19(1): 94, Chicago, Ill.: HMH Publishing, ISSN 0032-1478
• Clarke, Arthur C. Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry Into the Limits of the Possible. New York, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Wilson, 1984. ISBN 0030697832
• McAleer, Neil. Arthur C. Clarke: The Authorized Biography. Contemporary Books, Chicago, 1992. ISBN 0809237202

External links

All links retrieved August 16, 2023.

• The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation
• Arthur C. Clarke Award
• Arthur C. Clarke at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• Arthur C. Clarke at the Internet Movie Database
• Chiral life concept
• Obituary: Arthur C. Clarke – BBC 19 March 2008
• Sir Arthur C Clarke: 90th Birthday Reflections
• Obituary – in the Wall Street Journal, March 20, 2008
• Arthur C. Clake—Space.com report
• Memorial Page for Arthur C. Clarke at FindaGrave

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