Kenzaburō Ōe

Kenzaburō Ōe
Ōe in 2012
Born	January 31 1935(1935-01-31) Ōse, Ehime, Japan
Died	March 3 2023 (aged 88)
Occupation	Novelist, short-story writer, essayist
Writing period	1957–2013
Spouse(s)	Yukari Ikeuchi (m. 1960)
Children	3, including Hikari
Relative(s)	Mansaku Itami (father-in-law), Juzo Itami (brother-in-law)

Kenzaburō Ōe (大江 健三郎, Ōe Kenzaburō, January 31, 1935 – March 3, 2023) was a Japanese writer and a major figure in contemporary Japanese literature. His novels, short stories, and essays, strongly influenced by French and American literature and literary theory, deal with political, social, and philosophical issues, including nuclear weapons, nuclear power, social non-conformism, and existentialism. After the 2011 tsunami caused a nuclear accident at the Fukushima plant, he organized mass protests against the use of nuclear power.

Ōe at the Japanisches Kulturinstitut in Cologne on April 11, 2008

Early life and education

Ōe was born in Ōse (大瀬村, Ōse-mura), a village now in Uchiko, Ehime Prefecture, on Shikoku. The third of seven children, he grew up listening to his grandmother, a storyteller of myths and folklore, who also recounted the oral history of the two uprisings in the region before and after the Meiji Restoration. His father, Kōtare Ōe, had a bark-stripping business; the bark was used to make paper currency. After his father died in the Pacific War in 1944, his mother, Koseki, became the driving force behind his education, buying him books including The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Wonderful Adventures of Nils, which had a formative influence on him.

Ōe received the first ten years of his education in local public schools. He started school during the peak of militarism in Japan. In class he was forced to pronounce his loyalty to Emperor Hirohito, who his teacher claimed was a god. After the war, he felt betrayed. This sense of betrayal later appeared in his writing.

Ōe attended high school in Matsuyama from 1951 to 1953, where he excelled as a student. At the age of 18, he made his first trip to Tokyo, where he studied at a prep school (yobikō) for one year. The following year, he began studying French Literature at Tokyo University with Professor Kazuo Watanabe, a specialist on François Rabelais.

Ōe married in February 1960. His wife, Yukari, was the daughter of film director Mansaku Itami and sister of film director Juzo Itami. The same year he met Mao Zedong on a trip to China. He also went to Russia and Europe the following year, visiting Sartre in Paris.

Ōe lived in Tokyo and had three children. In 1963, his eldest son, Hikari, was born with a brain hernia. Ōe initially struggled to accept his son's condition, which required surgery which would leave him with learning disabilities for life. Hikari lived with Kenzaburō and Yukari until he was middle-aged, and often composed music in the same room where his father was writing.

Career

Ōe began publishing stories in 1957, while still a student, strongly influenced by contemporary writing in France and the United States. His first work to be published was "Lavish are the Dead," a short story set in Tokyo during the American occupation after World War II, which appeared in Bungakukai literary magazine. His early works were set in his own university milieu.

In 1958, his short story "Shiiku" (飼育) was awarded the prestigious Akutagawa Prize. The work was about a black GI set upon by Japanese youth, and was later made into a film, The Catch by Nagisa Oshima in 1961. Another early novella, later translated as Nip the Buds, Shoot the Kids, focused on adolescent boys during WWII sent to live in an Arcadian setting reminiscent of Ōe's own rural Shikoku childhood. Ōe identified these child figures as belonging to the 'child god' archetype of Jung and Kerényi, which is characterized by abandonment, hermaphrodism, invincibility, and association with beginning and end. The first two characteristics are present in these early stories, while the latter two features come to the fore in the 'idiot boy' stories which appeared after the birth of his son Hikari.

Between 1958 and 1961 Ōe published a series of works incorporating sexual metaphors for the occupation of Japan. He summarized the common theme of these stories as "the relationship of a foreigner as the big power [Z], a Japanese who is more or less placed in a humiliating position [X], and, sandwiched between the two, the third party [Y] (sometimes a prostitute who caters only to foreigners or an interpreter.)" In each of these works, the Japanese X is inactive, failing to take the initiative to resolve the situation and showing no psychological or spiritual development. The graphically sexual nature of this group of stories prompted a critical outcry; Ōe said of the culmination of the series Our Times, "I personally like this novel [because] I do not think I will ever write another novel which is filled only with sexual words."

In 1961, Ōe's novellas Seventeen and The Death of a Political Youth were published in the Japanese literary magazine Bungakukai. Both were inspired by seventeen-year-old Yamaguchi Otoya, who had assassinated Japan Socialist Party chairman Inejirō Asanuma in October 1960, and then killed himself in prison three weeks later. Yamaguchi had admirers among the extreme right wing who were angered by The Death of a Political Youth and both Ōe and the magazine received death threats day and night for weeks. The magazine soon apologized to offended readers, but Ōe did not, and he was later physically assaulted by an angry right-winger while giving a speech at Tokyo University.

Ōe's next phase moved away from sexual content, shifting this time toward the violent fringes of society. The works which he published between 1961 and 1964 are influenced by existentialism and picaresque literature, populated with more or less criminal rogues and anti-heroes whose position on the fringes of society allows them to make pointed criticisms of it. Ōe's admission that Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn is his favorite book can be said to find a context in this period.

Influence of Hikari

Ōe credited his son Hikari for influencing his literary career. Ōe tried to give his son a "voice" through his writing. Several of Ōe's books feature a character based on his son.

In Ōe's 1964 book, A Personal Matter, the writer describes the psychological trauma involved in accepting his brain-damaged son into his life. Hikari figures prominently in many of the books singled out for praise by the Nobel committee, and his life is the core of the first book published after Ōe was awarded the Nobel Prize. The 1996 book, A Healing Family, is a memoir written as a collection of essays.

Hikari was a strong influence on Father, Where are you Going?, Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness, and The Day He Himself Shall Wipe My Tears Away, three novels which rework the same premise—the father of a disabled son attempts to recreate the life of his own father, who shut himself away and died. The protagonist's ignorance of his father is compared to his son's inability to understand him; the lack of information about his father's story makes the task impossible to complete, but capable of endless repetition, as "repetition becomes the fabric of the stories."

2006 to 2008

In 2005, two retired Japanese military officers sued Ōe for libel for his 1970 book of essays, Okinawa Notes, in which he had written that members of the Japanese military had coerced masses of Okinawan civilians into committing suicide during the Allied invasion of the island in 1945. In March 2008, the Osaka District Court dismissed all charges against Ōe. In this ruling, Judge Toshimasa Fukami stated, "The military was deeply involved in the mass suicides." In a news conference following the trial, Ōe said, "The judge accurately read my writing."

Ōe did not write much during the nearly two years (2006–2008) of his libel case. He began writing a new novel, which The New York Times reported would feature a character "based on his father," a staunch supporter of the imperial system who drowned in a flood during World War II.

2013

Bannen Yoshikishu, his final novel, is the sixth in a series with the main character of Kogito Choko, who can be considered Ōe's literary alter ego. The novel is also in a sense a culmination of the I-novels that Ōe continued to write since his son was born mentally disabled in 1963. In the novel, Choko loses interest in the novel he had been writing when the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami struck the Tohoku region on March 11, 2011. Instead, he begins writing about an age of catastrophe, as well as about the fact that he himself was approaching his late 70s.

Activism

In 1959 and 1960, Ōe participated in the Anpo protests against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty as a member of a group of young writers, artists, and composers called the "Young Japan Society" (Wakai Nihon no Kai). The treaty allowed the United States to maintain military bases in Japan. Ōe's disappointment at the failure of the protests to stop the treaty shaped his future writing.

Ōe at a 2013 antinuclear demonstration in Tokyo

Ōe was involved with pacifist and anti-nuclear campaigns and wrote books regarding the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Hibakusha. After meeting prominent anti-nuclear activist Noam Chomsky at a Harvard degree ceremony, Ōe began his correspondence with Chomsky by sending him a copy of his Okinawa Notes. While also discussing Ōe's Okinawa Notes, Chomsky's reply included a story from his childhood. Chomsky wrote that when he first heard about the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, he could not bear it being celebrated, and he went in the woods and sat alone until the evening. Ōe later said in an interview, "I've always respected Chomsky, but I respected him even more after he told me that."

Following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, he urged Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda to "halt plans to restart nuclear power plants and instead abandon nuclear energy." Ōe said Japan has an "ethical responsibility" to abandon nuclear power in the aftermath of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, just as it renounced war under its postwar Constitution. He called for "an immediate end to nuclear power generation and warned that Japan would suffer another nuclear catastrophe if it tries to resume nuclear power plant operations." In 2013, he organized a mass demonstration in Tokyo against nuclear power. Ōe also criticized moves to amend Article 9 of the Constitution, which forever renounces war.

Death

Ōe died on March 3, 2023, at the age of 88.

Legacy

Nobel Prize in Literature

Ōe was awarded the 1994 Nobel Prize in Literature for creating "an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today."

Japan's Order of Culture

In 1994 Ōe was named to receive Japan's Order of Culture. He refused the latter because it is bestowed by the Emperor. Ōe said, "I do not recognize any authority, any value, higher than democracy." Once again, he received threats.

Shortly after learning that he had been awarded the Nobel Prize, Ōe said that he was encouraged by the Swedish Academy's recognition of modern Japanese literature, and hoped that it would inspire other writers. He told The New York Times that his writing was ultimately focused on "the dignity of human beings."

Major awards

• Tokyo University May Festival Prize, 1957.
• Akutagawa Prize, 1958.
• Shinchosha Literary Prize, 1964.
• Tanizaki Prize, 1967.
• Noma Prize, 1973.
• Yomiuri Prize, 1982.
• Jiro Osaragi Prize (Asahi Shimbun), 1983.
• Nobel Prize in Literature, 1994.
• Order of Culture, 1994 – refused.
• Legion of Honor, 2002.

Eponymous literary prize

In 2005, the Kenzaburō Ōe Prize was established by publisher Kodansha to promote Japanese literary novels internationally, with the first prize awarded in 2007. The winning work was selected solely by Ōe, to be translated into English, French, or German, and published worldwide.

Selected works

The number of Kenzaburō Ōe's works translated into English and other languages remains limited, so that much of his literary output is still only available in Japanese. The few translations have often appeared after a marked lag in time.Some of his texts have also been translated into Chinese, French, and German.

Year	Japanese Title	English Title	Comments	Ref.
1957	死者の奢り Shisha no ogori	Lavish Are The Dead	Short story published in Bungakukai literary magazine
	奇妙な仕事 Kimyō na shigoto	The Strange Work	Short novel awarded May Festival Prize by University of Tokyo newspaper
	飼育 Shiiku	"The Catch" / "Prize Stock"	Short story awarded the Akutagawa prize. Published in English as "Prize Stock" in Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness (1977) and as "The Catch" in "The Catch and Other War Stories" (Kodansha International 1981). Made into a film in 1961 by Nagisa Oshima and in 2011 by the Cambodian director Rithy Panh.
1958	見るまえに跳べ Miru mae ni tobe	Leap Before You Look	Short story; title is a reference to W. H. Auden
	芽むしり仔撃ち Memushiri kōchi	Nip the Buds, Shoot the Kids	One of his earliest novellas, translated in 1995
1961	セヴンティーン Sevuntiin	Seventeen	Short novel translated by Luk Van Haute in 1996. The sequel was so controversial that Ōe never allowed it to be republished.
1963	叫び声 Sakebigoe	Outcries	Untranslated
	性的人間 Seiteki ningen	J (published title) Sexual Humans (literal translation)	Short story translated by Luk Van Haute in 1996
1964	空の怪物アグイー Sora no kaibutsu Aguī	Aghwee the Sky Monster	Short story translated by John Nathan.
	個人的な体験 Kojinteki na taiken	A Personal Matter	Awarded the Shinchosha Literary Prize. Translated by John Nathan.
1965	ヒロシマ・ノート Hiroshima nōto	Hiroshima Notes	Collection of essays translated by Toshi Yonezawa and edited by David L. Swain
1967	万延元年のフットボール Man'en gan'nen no futtobōru	The Silent Cry (published title) Football in the Year 1860 (literal translation)	Translated by John Bester
1969	われらの狂気を生き延びる道を教えよ Warera no kyōki wo ikinobiru michi wo oshieyo	Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness	Translated by John Nathan in 1977; title is a reference to W. H. Auden
1970	沖縄ノート Okinawa nōto	Okinawa Notes	Collection of essays that became the target of a defamation lawsuit filed in 2005 which was dismissed in 2008
1972	鯨の死滅する日 Kujira no shimetsu suru hi	The Day the Whales Shall be Annihilated	Collection of essays including "The Continuity of Norman Mailer"
	みずから我が涙をぬぐいたまう日 Mizukara waga namida wo nuguitamau hi	The Day He Himself Shall Wipe My Tears Away	Short novel parodying Yukio Mishima; translated by John Nathan and published in the volume Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness
1973	洪水はわが魂に及び Kōzui wa waga tamashii ni oyobi	My Deluged Soul	Awarded the 26th Noma Literary Prize. Work has also been referred to as The Waters Are Come in unto My Soul.
1976	ピンチランナー調書 Pinchi ran'nā chōsho	The Pinch Runner Memorandum	Translated by Michiko N. Wilson and Michael K. Wilson
1979	同時代ゲーム Dōjidai gēmu	The Game of Contemporaneity	Untranslated
1982	「雨の木」を聴く女たち Rein tsurī wo kiku on'natachi	Women Listening to the "Rain Tree"	Collection of two short stories and three novellas. Awarded the 34th Yomiuri Literary Prize for novels.
1983	新しい人よ眼ざめよ Atarashii hito yo, mezameyo	Rouse Up O Young Men of the New Age!	Collection of seven short stories originally published in Gunzo and Shincho magazines between 1982 and 1983. The title is taken from the preface to the poem Milton by William Blake. Awarded the 10th Jiro Osaragi Prize. Translated by John Nathan.
1985	河馬に嚙まれる Kaba ni kamareru	Bitten by a Hippopotamus	Eight short stories, loosely linked
1986	M/Tと森のフシギの物語 M/T to mori no fushigi no monogatari	M/T and the Wonder of the Forest	Title has also been translated as Strange Stories of M/T and the Forest
1987	懐かしい年への手紙 Natsukashī toshi e no tegami	Letters to the Time/Space of Fond Memories	Autobiographical novel
1988	「最後の小説」 Saigo no shōsetsu	The Last Novel	Collection of essays
1989	人生の親戚 Jinsei no shinseki	An Echo of Heaven (published title) Relatives of Life (literal translation)	Translated by Margaret Mitsutani
1990	治療塔 Chiryō tō	Towers of Healing	Novel first serialized in Hermes magazine; first work of science fiction
	静かな生活 Shizuka na seikatsu	A Quiet Life	Translated by Kunioki Yanagishita & William Wetherall
1991	治療塔惑星 Chiryō tō wakusei	Planet of the Healing Tower	Science fiction novel paired with Chiryō tō
1992	僕が本当に若かった頃 Boku ga hontō ni wakakatta koro	When I Was Really Young	Volume of nine vignettes, many of which refer to his previous works
1993	「救い主」が殴られるまで 'Sukuinushi' ga nagurareru made	Until the Savior Gets Beaten	Part I of The Burning Green Tree Trilogy (燃えあがる緑の木　第一部, Moeagaru midori no ki – dai ichibu)
1994	揺れ動く (ヴァシレーション) Yureugoku (Vashirēshon)	Vacillation	Part II of The Burning Green Tree Trilogy (燃えあがる緑の木　第二部, Moeagaru midori no ki – dai nibu)
1995	大いなる日に Ōinaru hi ni	For the Day of Grandeur	Part III of The Burning Green Tree Trilogy (燃えあがる緑の木　第三部, Moeagaru midori no ki – dai sanbu)
	曖昧な日本の私 Aimai na Nihon no watashi	Japan, the Ambiguous, and Myself	Nobel Prize acceptance speech; the title is a reference to Yasunari Kawabata's Nobel acceptance speech, "Japan, the Beautiful, and Myself". In 1995, nine lectures given by Ōe in the 1990s were published in the same volume with this title.
	恢復する家族 Kaifukusuru kazoku	A Healing Family	Collection of essays serialized from 1990 to 1995 in Sawarabi, a journal on rehabilitative medicine, with an afterword and drawings by Yukari Oe. Adapted and translated in 1996 by Stephen Snyder.
1999	宙返り Chūgaeri	Somersault	Translated by Philip Gabriel
2000	取り替え子 (チェンジリング) Torikae ko (Chenjiringu)	The Changeling	Translated by Deborah Boliver Boehm
2001	「自分の木」の下で 'Jibun no ki' no shita de	Under One's Own Tree	16 essays reflecting on Ōe's childhood and experience as a novelist and father
2002	憂い顔の童子 Urei gao no dōji	Gloomy Faced Child	Novel
2007	臈たしアナベル・リイ　総毛立ちつ身まかりつ Rōtashi Anaberu Rī sōkedachitsu mimakaritsu	The Beautiful Annabel Lee was Chilled and Killed	Winner of the 2008 Weishanhu Award for Best Foreign Novel in the 21st Century.
2009	水死 Sui shi	Death by Water	Translated by Deborah Boliver Boehm
2013	晩年様式集（イン・レイト・スタイル） Bannen Yōshiki shū (In Reito Sutairu)	In Late Style	Final work. Title is a reference to Edward Said's On Late Style.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Ashby, Janet. "Kenzaburo Oe: Bridging the generation gap," The Japan Times, October 14, 2001. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
• Bantarō, Seiro. "Modern Japanese Literature and 'Don Quixote'," translated by Franz Prichard Review of Japanese Culture and Society (18) (December 2006): 132–146. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
• Benoza, Kathleen. "Nobel-winning Japanese novelist Kenzaburo Oe dies at 88," The Japan Times, March 13, 2023. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
• Bolton, Christopher, et al. "An Interview with Komatsu Sakyō," Science Fiction Studies 29(3) (November 2002): 323–339. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
• Fay, Sarah. "The Art of Fiction No. 195," The Paris Review (183) (Winter 2007). Retrieved September 14, 2023.
• Fowler, Edward. The Rhetoric of Confession: Shishosetsu in Early Twentieth-Century Japanese Fiction. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0520060647
• Goff, Janet. "Two Novels: Seventeen & J," Japan Quarterly 44(1) (January–March 1997): 102–103. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
• Hong, Terry. "'Death by Water' takes readers on a wild ride of epic proportions," The Christian Science Monitor, October 6, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
• Ishibashi, Ideaki. "Writer Oe calls for stopping moves to revise Constitution,"Asahi Shimbun, May 18, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
• Jaggi, Mya. "In the forest of the soul" The Guardian, February 5, 2005. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
• Jing, Xiaolei. "Embracing Foreign Literature," Beijing Review. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
• Kapur, Nick. Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018. ISBN 978-0674984424
• Lewis, Daniel. "Kenzaburo Oe, Nobel Laureate and Critic of Postwar Japan, Dies at 88," The New York Times, March 13, 2023. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
• Minor, Kyle. "Review: Somersault by Kenzaburo Oe," The Antioch Review 61(3) (Summer 2003): 582–583. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
• Mizenko, Matthew. "Review: A Healing Family by Ο̄e Kenzaburο̄ and Stephen Snyder," Monumenta Nipponica 52(2) (Summer 1997): 266–268. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
• Morley, John David. "Her Brother's Keeper," The New York Times, November 17, 1996. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
• Napier, Susan J. "Marginal Arcadias: Ōe Kenzaburō's Pastoral and Antipastoral," Review of Japanese Culture and Society (5) (December 1993): 48–58. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
• Nathan, John, and Kenzaburō Ōe. "A Mythical Topos: A Dialogue," Grand Street (55) (Winter 1996): 39–46. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
• Nishi, Kinya. "The Dialectics of Realist Imagination: Adorno's Aesthetics and Contemporary Japanese Fiction," Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics 45(2) (Summer 2022): 85–96. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
• Ōe, Kenzaburō. "Japan, the Ambiguous, and Myself,' The Australian Quarterly 67(2) (Winter 1995): 1–10. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
• Ōe, Kenzaburō. Ōe Kenzaburō Zensakuhin (Complete Works of Oe Kenzaburo). Tokyo, JN: Shinchosha, 1968.
• Ōe, Kenzaburō. Shosetsu no hoho (The Method of a Novel). Tokyo, JN: Iwanami Shoten Publishing, 1978.
• Ōe, Kenzaburō, and Noam Chomsky. "An Exchange on Current Affairs," World Literature Today 76(2) (2002): 29.
• Ōe, Pamuk. "World needs imagination," Yomiuri Shimbun, May 18, 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
• Onishi, Norimitsu. "Japanese Court Rejects Defamation Lawsuit Against Nobel Laureate," The New York Times, March 29, 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
• Onishi, Norimitsu. "The Saturday Profile: Released From Rigors of a Trial, a Nobel Laureate's Ink Flows Freely," New York Times, May 17, 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
• Pons, Philippe. "Kenzaburô Oe : « L'âge n'apporte pas la sérénité »," Le Monde, May 21, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
• Reinsma, Luke M. "The Flight of Kenzaburo Oe," Christianity and Literature 48(1) (Autumn 1998): 61–77. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
• Rodden, John. "Team play: Translator John Nathan on Oe Kenzaburo, the 1994 Nobel Prize winner," The Midwest Quarterly 43(4) (Summer 2002): 281–297. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
• Ryan, Marleigh Grayer. "'And a Little Child Shall Lead Them': The Agency of the Innocent in an Early Story by Ōe Kenzaburō," World Literature Today 76(2) (Spring 2002): 49–57. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
• Sakurai, Emiko. "Kenzaburō Ōe: The Early Years," World Literature Today 58(3) (Summer 1984): 370–373. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
• Sterngold, James. "Nobel in Literature Goes to Kenzaburo Oe of Japan," The New York Times, October 14, 1994. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
• Tayler, Christopher. "The Changeling by Kenzaburo Oe," The Guardian, June 11, 2010. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
• Theroux, Paul. "Speaking of Books: Creative Dissertating; Creative Dissertating", New York Times, February 8, 1970. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
• Treat, John Whittier. "Hiroshima Nōto and Ōe Kenzaburō's Existentialist Other," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 47(1) (June 1987): 97–136. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
• Weston, Mark. Giants of Japan: The Lives of Japan's Most Influential Men and Women. New York, NY: Kodansha International, 1999. ISBN 1568362862
• Wilson, Michiko N. "Oe's Obsessive Metaphor, Mori, the Idiot Son: Toward the Imagination of Satire, Regeneration, and Grotesque Realism," The Journal of Japanese Studies 7(1) (Winter 1981): 23–52. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
• Wilson, Michiko N. The Marginal World of Ōe Kenzaburō: A Study in Themes and Techniques. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1986. ISBN 978-0765635648
• Wilson, Michiko Niikuni. "Kenzaburo Oe: Laughing Prophet and Soulful Healer," The Nobel Prize. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
• Yoshida, Sanroku. "The Burning Tree: The Spatialized World of Kenzaburō Ōe," World Literature Today 69(1) (Winter 1995): 10–16. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
• Yoshimura, Chiaki. "Oe's latest novel offers glimmer of hope in a world beset by catastrophe," The Asahi Shimbun, December 16, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2023.

Further reading

• Kimura, Akio. Faulkner and Oe: The Self-Critical Imagination. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2007. ISBN 978-0761836636
• Rapp, Rayne, and Faye Ginsburg. "Enabling Disability: Rewriting Kinship, Reimagining Citizenship," Public Culture 13(3): 533–556.

External links

Link retrieved September 26, 2023.

• List of Works
• "Kenzburo Oe – Biographical," The Nobel Prize.
• "Introduction: Kenzaburo Ōe," The Georgia Review 49(1) (Spring 1995): 331–334.
• "Nobel prize-winning author Kenzaburo Oe dies," BBC News, March 13, 2023.
• "A Healing Family," Kirkus, 1996.
• "Some 8,000 March in Tokyo Against Restart of Any Nuclear Power Plants" Mainichi Daily News, September 15, 2013.
• "Novelist Ōe inducted into France's Legion of Honor," Free Online Library.
• "Kodansha creates Kenzaburo Oe literary award," The Japan Times October 6, 2005.
• "Nobel-winning anti-war author Kenzaburo Oe dies at 88," Asahi Shimbun, March 13, 2023.
• "Kenzaburō Ōe," Grove Atlantic.
• "大江健三郎賞," Kodansha.

Nobel Prize in Literature: Laureates (1976-2000)

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