Lusignan dynasty

Plate of the House of Lusignan-Cyprus, with coat of arms at the center. Late fourteenth century, Egypt or Syria. Louvre Museum.

The Lusignan family originated in the Poitou near Lusignan in western France in the early tenth century. By the end of the eleventh century, they had risen to become the most prominent petty lords in the region from their castle at Lusignan. In the late twelfth century, through marriage and inheritance, a cadet branch of the family came to control the Kingdoms of Jerusalem and of Cyprus, while in the early thirteenth century, the main branch succeeded in the Counties of La Marche and Angoulême. As Crusader princes in the Latin East, they soon had connections with the Hethumid rulers of the Kingdom of Cilicia, which they inherited through marriage in the mid-fourteenth century. The Armenian and Cypriot branches of the family eventually merged and the dynasty died out after the Ottoman conquest of their Asian kingdoms.

The Lusignan dynasty ruled at the edge of Europe, where the European space encountered the Muslim space. However, they did not forge close cultural links with the world around their Crusader states. Rather, they were as disdainful of non-Catholic Christianity as of Islam. The Crusades are remembered in the Muslim world as Christian aggression, as an attempt to destroy Muslim civilization. In the twentieth century, the term "crusade" was revived by some Muslims as a description of what they regard as a Christian-Jewish campaign to destroy the Muslim world. Attacks on Muslim states by majority-Christian Western powers in the early twenty-first century have been compared to the Crusades. Both are depicted as wars of aggression. The Lusignan family shared the assumptions of their day: Europe stood for light; the Muslim space for "darkness." Some people, even in the Crusading states, began to question these assumptions, opting for different modes of relating with the religious and cultural Other. (Other is a technical phrase in writing about Alterity, study of the "other.") Venice, which controlled Cyprus after their rule ended, for example, was a major conduit for cultural exchange between Europe, Africa and as far East as China. The achievements of the Lusignan in ruling their European outposts for such a lengthy period is to be admired. However, with reference to promoting greater understanding between cultures, faiths and people they might just as well have ruled a French county or duchy.

Origins

Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry, March: the Château de Lusignan

The Château de Lusignan, near Poitiers, was the principal seat of the Lusignans—it was destroyed during the Wars of Religions, and only its foundations remain within Lusignan. According to legend the earliest castle was built by the folklore water-spirit Melusine. The lords of the castle at Lusignan were counts of La Marche, over which they frequently fought with the counts of Angoulême. Count Hugh le Brun ("Hugh the Swarthy"), like most of the lords of Poitou, backed Arthur of Brittany as the better heir to Richard Lionheart when John Lackland acceded to the throne of England in 1199. Eleanor of Aquitaine traded English claims for their support of John. To secure his position in La Marche, the widowed Hugh arranged a betrothal with the daughter of his next rival of Angoulême, no more than a child; John, however, married her himself, in August 1200, and deprived Hugh of La Marche and his brother of Eu in Normandy. The aggrieved Lusignans turned to their liege lord, Philip Augustus, King of France. Philip demanded John's presence— a tactical impossibility— and declared John a contumacious vassal. As the Lusignan allies managed to detain both Arthur and Eleanor, John surprised their unprepared forces at the castle of Mirabeau, in July 1202, and took Hugh prisoner with 200 more of Poitou's fighting men. King John's savage treatment of the captives turned the tide against himself, and his French barons began to desert him in droves. Thus the Lusignans' diplomatic rebellion led directly to the loss of half of England's French territory, which was soon incorporated into France by Philip Augustus (the other "half," Aquitaine, was the possession of Eleanor, who was still alive).

Lords of Lusignan

Arms of Lusignan.

• Hugh I of Lusignan (early tenth century)
• Hugh II of Lusignan (died 967)
• Hugh III of Lusignan
• Hugh IV of Lusignan
• Hugh V of Lusignan (died 1060)
• Hugh VI of Lusignan (died 1110)
• Hugh VII of Lusignan (died 1151)
• Hugh VIII of Lusignan (died 1165)
• Hugh IX of Lusignan (died 1219)
• Hugh X of Lusignan (died 1249)
• Hugh XI of Lusignan (died 1260)
• Hugh XII of Lusignan (died btw. 1270-1282)
• Hugh XIII of Lusignan (died 1303)
• Guy of Lusignan, Count of Angoulême|Guy]] (died 1308)

Counts of La Marche and Angoulême

Hugh IX inherited by collateral succession the County of La Marche (1203) as descendant of Almodis, while his son, Hugh X, married Isabella of Angoulême, thus securing Angoulême (1220).

• Hugh IX of Lusignan (died 1219)
• Hugh X of Lusignan (died 1249)
• Hugh XI of Lusignan (died 1260)
• Hugh XII of Lusignan (died 1282)
• Hugh XIII of Lusignan (died 1303)
• Guy of Lusignan, Count of Angoulême (died 1307)
• Yolanda of Lusignan (died 1314)

Yolanda sold the fiefs of Lusignan, La Marche, Angoulême, and Fougères to Philip IV of France in 1308. They became a part of the French royal demesne and a common appendage of the crown.

Crusader kings

The Lusignans were among the French nobles who made great careers in the Crusades. An ancestor of the later Lusignan dynasty in the Holy Land, Hugh VI of Lusignan, was killed in the east during the Crusade of 1101. Another Hugh arrived in the 1160s and was captured in a battle with Nur ad-Din. In the 1170s, Amalric arrived in Jerusalem, having been expelled by Richard Lionheart (at that point, acting Duke of Aquitaine) from his realm, which included the family lands of Lusignan near Poitiers. Amalric married Eschiva, the daughter of Baldwin of Ibelin, and entered court circles. He had also obtained the patronage of Agnes of Courtenay, the divorced mother of King Baldwin IV, who held the county of Jaffa and Ascalon and was married to Reginald of Sidon. He was appointed Agnes's constable in Jaffa, and later constable of the kingdom. Hostile rumors alleged he was Agnes's lover, but this is questionable. It is likely that his promotions were aimed at weaning him away from the political orbit of the Ibelin family, who were associated with Raymond III of Tripoli, Amalric I's cousin and the former bailli or regent. Amalric's younger brother, Guy, arrived at some date before Easter 1180. Many modern historians believe that Guy was already well established in Jerusalem by 1180, but there is no contemporary evidence to support this belief. What is certain is that Amalric of Lusignan's success facilitated Guy's social and political advancement.

Older accounts (derived from William of Tyre and Ernoul—author of a chronicle of the late twelfth century) claim that Agnes was concerned that her political rivals, headed by Raymond of Tripoli, were determined to exercise more control by forcing Agnes' daughter, the princess Sibylla, to marry someone of their choosing, and that Agnes foiled these plans by advising her son to have Sibylla married to Guy. However, it seems that the King, who was less malleable than earlier historians have portrayed, was considering the international implications: It was vital for Sibylla to marry someone who could rally external help to the kingdom, not someone from the local nobility. With the new King of France, Philip II, a minor, the chief hope of external aid was Baldwin's first cousin Henry II, who owed the Pope a penitential pilgrimage on account of the Thomas Becket affair. Guy was a vassal of Richard of Poitou and Henry II, and as a formerly rebellious vassal, it was in their interests to keep him overseas.

Guy and Sibylla were hastily married at Eastertide 1180, apparently preventing a coup by Raymond's faction to marry her to Amalric of Lusignan's father-in-law, Baldwin of Ibelin. By his marriage Guy also became count of Jaffa and Ascalon and bailli of Jerusalem. He and Sibylla had two daughters, Alice and Maria. Sibylla already had one child, a son from her first marriage to William of Montferrat.

An ambitious man, Guy convinced Baldwin IV to name him regent in early 1182. However, he and Raynald of Chatillon made provocations against Saladin during a two-year period of truce. But it was his military hesitance at the siege of Kerak which disillusioned the king with him. Throughout late 1183 and 1184, Baldwin IV tried to have his sister's marriage to Guy annulled, showing that Baldwin still held his sister with some favor. Baldwin IV had wanted a loyal brother-in-law, and was frustrated in Guy's hard-headedness and disobedience. Sibylla was held up in Ascalon, though perhaps not against her will. Unsuccessful in prying his sister and close heir away from Guy, the king and the Haute Cour altered the succession, placing Baldwin V, Sibylla's son from her first marriage, in precedence over Sibylla, and decreeing a process to choose the monarch afterwards between Sibylla and Isabella (whom Baldwin and the Haute Cour thus recognized as at least equally entitled to succession as Sibylla), though she was not herself excluded from the succession. Guy kept a low profile from 1183 until his wife became queen in 1186.

Guy's term as king is generally seen as a disaster; he was defeated by Saladin at the Battle of Hattin in 1187, and was imprisoned in Damascus as Saladin reconquered almost the entire kingdom. Upon his release, his claim to the kingship was ignored, and when Sibylla died at the Siege of Acre in 1191, he no longer had any legal right to it. Richard, now king of England and a leader of the Third Crusade, supported Guy's claim, but in the aftermath of the crusade Conrad of Montferrat had the support of the majority of nobles. Instead, Richard sold Guy the island of Cyprus, which he had conquered on his way to Acre. Guy thereby became the first Latin lord of Cyprus. Amalric succeeded Guy in Cyprus, and also became King of Jerusalem in 1197. Amalric was responsible for establishing the Roman Catholic Church on Cyprus.

The male line of the Lusignans in the Levant died out in 1267 with Hugh II of Cyprus, Amalric's great-grandson (the male line continued in France until 1307).

First house of Lusignan: Kings of Jerusalem and Cyprus

Arms of Jerusalem.

• Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1192 then of Cyprus until 1194
• Amalric II of Jerusalem, King of Cyprus from 1194 to 1205 and of Jerusalem from 1198
• Hugh I of Cyprus (1205–1218), King of Cyprus only, as his descendants
• Henry I of Cyprus (1218–1253)
• Hugh II of Cyprus (1253–1267)

Second House of Lusignan

Bassin attributed to Hugh IV of Cyprus. An inscription in Arabic reads: "Made by the order of Hugh, favored by God, the one at the vanguard of the elite troops of the Franks, Hugh of the Lusignans." Another inscription in French reads: "Très haut et puissant roi Hugues de Jherusalem et de Chipre que Dieu manteigne" ("Very high and powerful king Hugh of Jerusalem and Cyprus, may God maintain him") dating from the fourteenth century, in Egypt or Syria. Louvre Museum

At that point, Hugh of Antioch, whose maternal grandfather had been Hugh I of Cyprus, a male heir of the original Lusignan dynasty, took the name Lusignan, thus founding the second House of Lusignan, and managed to succeed his deceased cousin as King of Cyprus. These "new" Lusignans remained in control of Cyprus until 1489; in Jerusalem (or, more accurately, Acre), they ruled from 1268 until the fall of the city in 1291, after an interlude (1228-1268) during which the Hohenstaufen dynasty officially held the kingdom. Also, after 1291, the Lusignans continued to claim the lost Jerusalem, and occasionally attempted to organize crusades to recapture territory on the mainland.

In 1300, the Lusignans, led by Amalric, Prince of Tyre entered into Franco-Mongol alliance|combined military operations with the Mongols]] under Ghazan to retake the Holy Land:

That year [1300], a message came to Cyprus from Ghazan, king of the Tatars, saying that he would come during the winter, and that he wished that the Frank join him in Armenia (…) Amalric of Lusignan, Constable of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, arrived in November (…) and brought with him 300 knights, and as many or more of the Templars and Hospitallers (…) In February a great admiral of the Tatars, named Cotlesser, came to Antioch with 60,000 horsemen, and requested the visit of the king of Armenia, who came with Guy of Ibelin, Count of Jaffa, and John, lord of Giblet. And when they arrived, Cotelesse told them that Ghazan had met great trouble of wind and cold on his way. Cotlesse raided the land from Haleppo to La Chemelle, and returned to his country without doing more.

Second house of Lusignan: Kings of Jerusalem and Cyprus

Arms of Cyprus under the Lusignans.

• Hugh I of Jerusalem (1267–1284)
• John II of Jerusalem (1284–1285)
• Henry II of Jerusalem (1285–1324)
  • Amalric of Tyre (1306–1310), usurper
• Hugh IV of Cyprus (1324–1359)
• Peter I of Cyprus (1359–1369)
• Peter II of Cyprus (1369–1382)
• James I of Cyprus (1382–1398)
• Janus of Cyprus (1398–1432)
• John II of Cyprus (1432–1458)
• Charlotte of Cyprus (1458–1464)
• James II of Cyprus (1464–1473)
• James III of Cyprus (1473–1474)

Kings of Lesser Armenia

Gosdantin III of Armenia on his throne. "Les chevaliers de Saint-Jean-de-Jerusalem rétablissant la religion en Arménie," 1844 painting by Henri Delaborde.

In the thirteenth century, the Lusignans also intermarried with the royal families of the Principality of Antioch and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. The Hethoumids ruled Cilicia until the murder of Leon IV in 1341, when his cousin Guy de Lusignan (who took the name of Constantine II of Armenia) was elected king. The Lusignan dynasty was of French origin, and already had a foothold in the area, the Island of Cyprus. There had always been close relations between the Lusignans of Cyprus and the Armenians. However, when the pro-Latin Lusignans took power, they tried to impose Catholicism and the European way of life. The Armenian leadership largely accepted this, but the peasantry opposed the changes. Eventually, this led way to civil strife.

In the late fourteenth century, Cilicia was invaded by the Mamluks. The fall of Sis in April 1375, put an end to the kingdom; its last King, Leon V, was granted safe passage and died in exile in Paris in 1393, after calling in vain for another Crusade. The title was claimed by his cousin, James I of Cyprus, uniting it with the titles of Cyprus and Jerusalem. The last fully independent Armenian entity of the Middle Ages was thus decimated after three centuries of sovereignty and bloom.

Lusignan kings of Cilicia (Armenia)

Arms of Cilicia under the Lusignan: note how they combine the arms of Cilicia under the Hethumids and those of Lusignan and Jerusalem.

• Constantine IV of Armenia (1342–1344)
• Constantine V of Armenia (1344–1362)
• Constantine VI of Armenia (1362–1373)
• Leo V of Armenia (1374–1393)

The Armenian kingdom was inherited by the Cypriot Lusignans in 1393.

Legacy

Cyprus was a coveted prize for many commercial and strategic reasons. Between 1489 and 1573, the island was controlled by the Republic of Venice, from where they engaged in extensive trade with the Muslim world, often despite papal bans. Then the island was under Ottoman rule until they ceded control but not sovereignty to the British in 1878. The British prized Cyprus as a naval base to protect their interests in the Suez Canal, opened in 1869.

For centuries, the Lusignan dynasty ruled at the edge of Europe, where the European space met the Muslim space. Unlike the Venetians, however, they did not forge close cultural links with the world around their Crusader states of Jerusalem and Antioch but represented a European, Latin presence in what for them remained an exotic, alien space. They were as disdainful of non-Catholic Christianity as of Islam. Hence, they tried to impose Catholic Christianity on Orthodox Armenians. The Crusades are remembered in the Muslim world as Christian aggression, as an attempt to destroy Muslim civilization. In the twentieth century, the term "crusade" was revived by some Muslims as a description of what they regard as a Christian-Jewish campaign to destroy the Muslim world.

Attacks on Muslim states by majority-Christian Western powers in the early twenty-first century have been compared to the Crusades. Both are depicted as wars of aggression. However, irrespective of how they were perceived by either side at the time they occurred, the Crusades represent today a deeply regrettable historical episode undermining the role of religion as a force for peace, which continues to create barriers to Christian-Muslim understanding and friendship. The Lusignan dynasty took the opportunity to pursue their fortune in Outremer (the term used to describe the Crusader states). They would not have risen to kingly rank in their home country. The Crusades provided men with opportunities to better themselves that staying at home did not. For people in Europe, the Lusignans symbolized a Christian and a European presence in the East; for the people of the East, they represented an unwanted and unwelcome foreign incursion.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Geōrgiadēs, Kleanthēs P. 1999. History of Cyprus. Nicosia, CY: Demetrakis Christophorou. ISBN 9789963568550.
• Nikolaou-Konnarē, Angel, and Christopher David Schabel. 2005. Cyprus: Society and Culture 1191-1374. The Medieval Mediterranean, v. 58. Leiden, NL: Brill. ISBN 9789004147676.
• Puchner, Walter, Nicos C. Conomis, Philippe de Mézières, and William Emmet Coleman. 2006. The Crusader Kingdom of Cyprus—A Theatre Province of Medieval Europe? Including a Critical Edition of the Cyprus Passion Cycle and the "Repraesentatio figurata" of the Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple. Texts and Documents of Early modern Greek theatre, v. 2. Athens, GR: Academy of Athens. ISBN 9789604041008.
• Wallace, Paul W., and Andreas G. Orphanides. 1990. Sources for the History of Cyprus. Albany, NY: Institute of Cypriot Studies, University at Albany, State University of New York. ISBN 9780965170406.

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