Minneapolis, Minnesota

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City of Minneapolis
Downtown Minneapolis in July 2008
Downtown Minneapolis in July 2008
Flag of City of Minneapolis
Flag		 Official seal of City of Minneapolis
Seal
Nickname: City of Lakes, Mill City, Mini-Apple, Twin Cities (with St. Paul, MN)
Motto: En Avant (French: 'Forward')
Location in Hennepin County and the state of Minnesota
Location in Hennepin County and the state of Minnesota
Coordinates: {{#invoke:Coordinates|coord}}{{#coordinates:44|58|48.36|N|93|15|6.72|W|type:city
name= }}
Country United States
State Minnesota
County Hennepin
Incorporated 1867
Founder John H. Stevens and Franklin Steele
Named for Minnesota Territory with Greek word "polis" for city
Government
 - Mayor R. T. Rybak (DFL)
Area
 - City 58.4 sq mi (151.3 km²)
 - Land 54.9 sq mi (142.2 km²)
 - Water 3.5 sq mi (9.1 km²)
Elevation 830 ft (264 m)
Population (2006)[1][2]
 - City 372,833
 - Density 6,722/sq mi (2,595/km²)
 - Metro 3,175,041
 - Demonym Minneapolitan
Time zone CST (UTC-6)
 - Summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5)
ZIP codes 55401 – 55487
Area code(s) 612
Twin Cities
 - Saint Paul, Minnesota United States
FIPS code 27-43000GR2
GNIS feature ID 0655030GR3
Website: www.minneapolismn.gov

Minneapolis (pronounced /ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs/) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and is the county seatGR6 of Hennepin County. The city lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. Known as the Twin Cities, these two form the core of Minneapolis-St. Paul, the sixteenth-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 3.5 million residents [3]. The United States Census Bureau estimated the city's population at 372,833 people in 2006.[4] Minneapolis and Minnesota celebrate their sesquicentennials in 2008. The city's celebration coincides with the 150th anniversary of its first town council meeting thought to have been held July 20, 1858.[5]

The city is abundantly rich in water with over twenty lakes and wetlands, the Mississippi riverfront, creeks and waterfalls, many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds Scenic Byway. Minneapolis was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber, and today is the primary business center between Chicago, Illinois, and Seattle, Washington.[6] Among America's most literate cities,[7] Minneapolis has cultural organizations that draw creative people and audiences to the city for theater, visual art, writing, and music. The community's diverse population has a long tradition of charitable support through progressive public social programs and through private and corporate philanthropy.[8]

The name Minneapolis is attributed to the city's first schoolmaster, who combined mni, the Dakota word for water, and polis, the Greek word for city.[9] Minneapolis is nicknamed the "City of Lakes" and the "Mill City".[6]

Geography

Glacial melt waters formed Saint Anthony Falls near Fort Snelling about ten thousand years ago. Rushing water undercut sandstone and collapsed limestone, moving the falls eight miles (13 km) to the northwest.[10]

The history and economic growth of Minneapolis history are tied to water, the city's defining physical characteristic, which was sent to the region during the last ice age. Fed by receding glaciers and Lake Agassiz ten thousand years ago, torrents of water from a glacial river undercut the Mississippi and Minnehaha riverbeds, creating waterfalls important to modern Minneapolis.[11] Lying on an artesian aquifer[6] and otherwise flat terrain, Minneapolis has a total area of 58.4 square miles (151.3 km²) and of this 6% is water.[12] Water is managed by watershed districts that correspond to the Mississippi and the city's three creeks.[13] Twelve lakes, three large ponds, and five unnamed wetlands are within Minneapolis.[14]

Lake Harriet frozen in winter. Ice blocks deposited in valleys by retreating glaciers created the lakes of Minneapolis.[15]

The city center is located just south of 45° N latitude.[16] The city's lowest elevation of 686 feet (209 m) is near where Minnehaha Creek meets the Mississippi River. The site of the Prospect Park Water Tower is often cited as the city's highest point[17] and a placard in Deming Heights Park denotes the highest elevation, but a spot at 974 feet (296.88 m) in or near Waite Park in Northeast Minneapolis is corroborated by Google Earth as the highest ground.

Climate

Minneapolis has a continental climate typical of the Upper Midwest. Winters can be cold and dry, while summer is comfortably warm although at times it can be hot and humid. On the Köppen climate classification, Minneapolis falls in the warm summer humid continental climate zone (Dfa). The city experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events, including snow, sleet, ice, rain, thunderstorms, tornadoes, and fog. The warmest temperature ever recorded in Minneapolis was 108 °F (42.2 °C) in July 1936, and the coldest temperature ever recorded was −41 °F (−40.6 °C), in January 1888. The snowiest winter of record was 1983–84, when 98.4 inches (2.5 m) of snow fell.[18]

Because of its northerly location in the United States and lack of large bodies of water to moderate the air, Minneapolis is sometimes subjected to cold Arctic air masses, especially during late December, January, & February. The average annual temperature of 45.4 °F (7 °C) gives the Minneapolis–St. Paul metropolitan area the coldest annual mean temperature of any major metropolitan area in the continental United States[19]

History

Taoyateduta was among the 121 Sioux leaders who from 1837 to 1851 ceded what is now Minneapolis.[20]

Dakota Sioux were the region's sole residents until explorers arrived from France in about 1680. Nearby Fort Snelling, built in 1819 by the United States Army, spurred growth in the area. Circumstances pressed the Mdewakanton band of the Dakota to sell their land, allowing people arriving from the east to settle there. The Minnesota Territorial Legislature authorized present day Minneapolis as a town on the Mississippi's west bank in 1856. Minneapolis incorporated as a city in 1867, the year rail service began between Minneapolis and Chicago, and joined with the east bank city of St. Anthony in 1872.[21]

Loading flour, Pillsbury, 1939

Minneapolis grew up around Saint Anthony Falls, the only waterfall on the Mississippi. Millers have used hydropower since the 1st century B.C.E.,[22] but the results in Minneapolis between 1880 and 1930 were so remarkable the city has been described as "the greatest direct-drive waterpower center the world has ever seen."[23] In early years, forests in northern Minnesota were the source of a lumber industry that operated seventeen sawmills on power from the waterfall. By 1871, the west river bank had twenty-three businesses including flour mills, woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes, and planing wood.[24] The farmers of the Great Plains grew grain that was shipped by rail to the city's thirty-four flour mills where Pillsbury and General Mills became processors. By 1905, Minneapolis delivered almost 10% of the country's flour and grist.[25] At peak production, a single mill at Washburn-Crosby made enough flour for twelve million loaves of bread each day.[26]

Minneapolis made dramatic changes to rectify discrimination as early as 1886 when Martha Ripley founded Maternity Hospital for both married and unmarried mothers.[27] When the country's fortunes turned during the Great Depression, the violent Teamsters Strike of 1934 resulted in laws acknowledging workers' rights.[28] A lifelong civil rights activist and union supporter, mayor Hubert Humphrey helped the city establish fair employment practices and a human relations council that interceded on behalf of minorities by 1946.[29] Minneapolis contended with white supremacy, participated in desegregation and the African-American civil rights movement, and in 1968 was the birthplace of the American Indian Movement.[30]

During the 1950s and 1960s as part of urban renewal, the city razed about two hundred buildings across twenty-five city blocks—roughly 40% of downtown, destroying the Gateway District and many buildings with notable architecture including the Metropolitan Building. Efforts to save the building failed but are credited with jumpstarting interest in historic preservation in the state.[31]

Mississippi riverfront and Saint Anthony Falls in 1915. At left, Pillsbury, power plants and the Stone Arch Bridge. Today the Minnesota Historical Society's Mill City Museum is in the Washburn "A" Mill, across the river just to the left of the falls. At center left are Northwestern Consolidated mills. The tall building is Minneapolis City Hall. In the foreground to the right are Nicollet Island and the Hennepin Avenue Bridge.
Mississippi riverfront and Saint Anthony Falls in 1915. At left, Pillsbury, power plants and the Stone Arch Bridge. Today the Minnesota Historical Society's Mill City Museum is in the Washburn "A" Mill, across the river just to the left of the falls. At center left are Northwestern Consolidated mills. The tall building is Minneapolis City Hall. In the foreground to the right are Nicollet Island and the Hennepin Avenue Bridge.


Economy

Target Corporation's 366,000 employees operate 1,685 retail stores in 48 U.S. states.[32]

The economy of Minneapolis today is based in commerce, finance, rail and trucking services, health care, and industry. Smaller components are in publishing, milling, food processing, graphic arts, insurance, and high technology. Industry produces metal and automotive products, chemical and agricultural products, electronics, computers, precision medical instruments and devices, plastics, and machinery.[33]

Five Fortune 500 headquarters are in Minneapolis proper: Target Corporation, U.S. Bancorp, Xcel Energy, Ameriprise Financial, and Thrivent Financial for Lutherans. Fortune 1000 companies in Minneapolis include PepsiAmericas, Valspar and Donaldson Company.[34] Apart from government, the city's largest employers are Target, Wells Fargo, Ameriprise, Star Tribune, U.S. Bancorp, Xcel Energy, IBM, Piper Jaffray, RBC Dain Rauscher, ING Group, and Qwest.[35]

White U.S. Bancorp towers reflected in the Capella Tower

Availability of Wi-Fi, transportation solutions, medical trials, university research and development expenditures, advanced degrees held by the work force, and energy conservation are so far above the national average that in 2005, Popular Science named Minneapolis the "Top Tech City" in the U.S.[36] The Twin Cities ranked the country's second best city in a 2006 Kiplinger's poll of Smart Places to Live and Minneapolis was one of the Seven Cool Cities for young professionals.[37]

The Twin Cities contribute 63.8% of the gross state product of Minnesota. The area's $145.8 billion gross metropolitan product and its per capita personal income rank fourteenth in the U.S. Recovering from the nation's recession in 2000, personal income grew 3.8% in 2005, though it was behind the national average of 5%. The city returned to peak employment during the fourth quarter of that year.[38]

The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, with one branch in Helena, Montana, serves Minnesota, Montana, North and South Dakota, and parts of Wisconsin and Michigan. The smallest of the twelve regional banks in the Federal Reserve System, it operates a nationwide payments system, oversees member banks and bank holding companies, and serves as a banker for the U.S. Treasury.[39] The Minneapolis Grain Exchange founded in 1881 is still located near the riverfront and is the only exchange for hard red spring wheat futures and options.[40]

Arts

Founded in 1883, the Minneapolis Institute of Arts is one of America's few major art museums with free admission (except special exhibits).[41]

The region is second only to New York City in live theater per capita[42] and is the third-largest theater market in the U.S., supporting the Illusion, Jungle, Mixed Blood, Penumbra, Bedlam Theatre, the Brave New Workshop, the Minnesota Dance Theatre, Skewed Visions, Theater Latté Da, In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre, and the Children's Theatre Company.[43] The city is home to Minnesota Fringe Festival, the United States' largest nonjuried performing arts festival.[44] French architect Jean Nouvel designed a new three stage complex[45] for the Guthrie Theater, the prototype alternative to Broadway founded in Minneapolis in 1965.[46] Minneapolis purchased and renovated the Orpheum, State, and Pantages Theatre vaudeville and film houses on Hennepin Avenue now used for concerts and plays.[47] Eventually, a fourth renovated theater will join the Hennepin Center for the Arts to become the Minnesota Shubert Performing Arts and Education Center, a home to twenty performing arts groups and a provider of Web-based art education.[48]

The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, built in 1915 in south central Minneapolis is the largest art museum in the city with 100,000 pieces in its permanent collection. A new wing designed by Michael Graves was completed in 2006 for contemporary and modern works and more gallery space.[45] The Walker Art Center sits atop Lowry Hill, near downtown, and doubled its size with an addition in 2005 by Herzog & de Meuron and is continuing its expansion to 15 acres (6.1 ha) with a park designed by Michel Desvigne across the street from the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden.[49] The Weisman Art Museum, designed by Frank Gehry for the University of Minnesota, opened in 1993. An addition, also designed by Gehry, is expected to open in 2009.[50]

File:Prince-crop.jpg
Prince studied at the Minnesota Dance Theatre through the Minneapolis Public Schools.[51]

The son of a jazz musician and a singer, Prince is Minneapolis' most famous musical progeny.[52] With fellow local musicians, many of whom recorded at Twin/Tone Records,[53] he helped make First Avenue and the 7th Street Entry venues of choice for both artists and audiences.[54] The Minnesota Orchestra plays classical and popular music at Orchestra Hall under music director Osmo Vänskä who has set about making it the best in the country.[55] The Minnesota Opera produces both classic and new operas.[56] In 2008, the century-old MacPhail Center for Music opened a new facility designed by James Dayton.[57]

Tom Waits released two songs about the city, Christmas Card from a Hooker in Minneapolis (Blue Valentine 1978) and 9th & Hennepin (Rain Dogs 1985) and Lucinda Williams recorded Minneapolis (World Without Tears 2003). Home to the MN Spoken Word Association, the city has garnered notice for rap and hip hop and its spoken word community.[58] The underground hip-hop group Atmosphere (natives of Minnesota) frequently comments in song lyrics on the city and Minnesota.[59]

Minneapolis is ranked America's most literate city[7] and is a center for printing and publishing.[60] It was a natural place for artists to build Open Book, the largest literary and book arts center in the U.S., made up of the Loft Literary Center, the Minnesota Center for Book Arts and Milkweed Editions, sometimes called the country's largest independent nonprofit literary publisher.[61] The center exhibits and teaches both contemporary art and traditional crafts of writing, papermaking, letterpress printing and bookbinding.[61]

Sports

Home run for Twins first baseman Justin Morneau at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome

Professional sports are well-established in Minneapolis. First playing in 1884, the Minneapolis Millers baseball team produced the best won-lost record in their league at the time and contributed fifteen players to the Baseball Hall of Fame. During the 1940s and 1950s the Minneapolis Lakers basketball team, the city's first in the major leagues in any sport, won six basketball championships in three leagues before moving to Los Angeles.[62] The American Wrestling Association, formerly the NWA Minneapolis Boxing & Wrestling Club, operated in Minneapolis from 1960 until the 1990s.[63]

The Minnesota Vikings and the Minnesota Twins arrived in the state in 1961. The Vikings were an NFL expansion team and the Twins were formed when the Washington Senators relocated to Minnesota. Both teams played outdoors in the open air Metropolitan Stadium in the suburb of Bloomington for twenty years before moving to the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, where the Twins won the World Series in 1987 and 1991. The Minnesota Timberwolves brought NBA basketball back to Minneapolis in 1989, followed by the Minnesota Lynx WNBA team in 1999. They play in the Target Center. The NHL ice hockey team Minnesota Wild, National Lacrosse League team Minnesota Swarm, and USL-1 soccer team Minnesota Thunder play in St. Paul.[62]

Golden Gophers basketball

The downtown Metrodome, opened in 1982, is the largest sports stadium in Minnesota. The three major tenants are the Vikings, the Twins, and the university's Golden Gophers football and baseball teams. The Metrodome is the only stadium in the country to have hosted a Major League Baseball All-Star Game, the Super Bowl, the World Series, and NCAA Basketball Men's Final Four. Runners, walkers, inline skaters, coed volleyball teams, and touch football teams all have access to "The Dome." Events from sports to concerts, community activities, religious activities, and trade shows are held more than three hundred days per year, making the facility one of the most versatile stadiums in the world.[64]

The state of Minnesota authorized replacement of the Metrodome with three separate stadiums that estimates in 2007 totaled at about $1.7 billion. Six spectator sport stadiums will be in a 1.2-mile (2 km) radius centered downtown, counting the existing facilities at Target Center and the university's Williams Arena and Mariucci Arena. The new Target Field is funded by the Twins and 75% by Hennepin County sales tax, about $25 per year by each taxpayer.[65] The Gopher football program's new TCF Bank Stadium is being built by the university and the state's general fund.[65] The Vikings Stadium plan for Blaine, Minnesota changed and as of 2007 was estimated at $954 million[66] for rebuilding on the Metrodome site. Feasibility studies for Dallas, Texas-based design and local construction (Mortenson Construction of Minneapolis) of a new stadium are expected in early 2009.[67]

Major sporting events hosted by the city include Super Bowl XXVI, the 1992 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four, and the 1998 World Figure Skating Championships.[68][69][70]

Gifted amateur athletes have played in Minneapolis schools, notably starting in the 1920s and 1930s at Central, De La Salle, and Marshall high schools. Since the 1930s, the Golden Gophers have won national championships in men's baseball, boxing, football, golf, gymnastics, ice hockey, indoor and outdoor track, swimming, and wrestling.[62][71]

Professional Sports in Minneapolis
Club Sport League Venue Championships
Minnesota Lynx Basketball Women's National Basketball Association, Western Conference Target Center
Minnesota Timberwolves Basketball National Basketball Association, Western Conference Target Center
Minnesota Twins Baseball Major League Baseball, American League Metrodome World Series 1987 and 1991
Minnesota Vikings American football National Football League, National Football Conference Metrodome NFL Championship 1969

Parks and recreation

In the Heart of the Beast May Day Parade, Powderhorn Park

The Minneapolis park system has been called the best-designed, best-financed, and best-maintained in America.[72] Foresight, donations and effort by community leaders enabled Horace Cleveland to create his finest landscape architecture, preserving geographical landmarks and linking them with boulevards and parkways.[73] The city's Chain of Lakes is connected by bike, running, and walking paths and used for swimming, fishing, picnics, boating, and ice skating. A parkway for cars, a bikeway for riders, and a walkway for pedestrians runs parallel along the 52 miles (84 km) route of the Grand Rounds Scenic Byway.[74] Residents brave the cold weather in December to watch the nightly Holidazzle Parade.[75]

Theodore Wirth is credited with the development of the parks system.[76] Today, 16.6% of the city is parks and there are 770 square feet (72 m²) of parkland for each resident, ranked in 2008 as the most parkland per resident within cities of similar population densities.[77][78]

Minnehaha Falls is part of a 193 acres (78 ha) city park rather than an urban area, because its waterpower was overshadowed by that of St. Anthony Falls a few miles upriver.[79][80]

Parks are interlinked in many places and the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area connects regional parks and visitor centers. The country's oldest public wildflower garden, the Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden and Bird Sanctuary located within Theodore Wirth Park which is shared with Golden Valley and is about 60% the size of Central Park in New York City.[81] Site of the 53-foot (16 m) Minnehaha Falls, Minnehaha Park is one of the city's oldest and most popular parks, receiving over 500,000 visitors each year.[80] Henry Wadsworth Longfellow named Hiawatha's wife Minnehaha for the Minneapolis waterfall in The Song of Hiawatha, a bestselling and often-parodied 19th century poem.[82]

Runner's World ranks the Twin Cities as America's sixth best city for runners.[83] The Twin Cities Marathon run in Minneapolis and St. Paul every October draws 250,000 spectators. The 26.2-mile (42.2 km) race is a Boston and USA Olympic Trials qualifier. The organizers sponsor three more races: a Kids Marathon, a 1 mile (1.6 km), and a 10 miles (16 km).[84] Minneapolis is home to more golfers per capita than any major U.S. city.[85] Five golf courses are located within the city, with nationally ranked Hazeltine National Golf Club, and Interlachen Country Club in nearby suburbs.[86] The state of Minnesota has the nation's highest number of bicyclists, sport fishermen, and snow skiers per capita. Hennepin County has the second-highest number of horses per capita in the U.S.[42] While living in Minneapolis, Scott and Brennan Olson founded (and later sold) Rollerblade, the company that popularized the sport of inline skating.[87]

Government

Spring art party, North Commons Park, Willard-Hay, one of the eighty one neighborhoods of Minneapolis

Minneapolis is a stronghold for the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL), an affiliate of the Democratic Party. The Minneapolis City Council holds the most power and represents the city's thirteen districts called wards. The council has twelve DFL members and one from the Green Party. R. T. Rybak also of the DFL is the current mayor of Minneapolis. The office of mayor is relatively weak but has some power to appoint individuals such as the chief of police. Parks, taxation, and public housing are semi-independent boards and levy their own taxes and fees subject to Board of Estimate and Taxation limits.[88]

Citizens have a unique and powerful influence in neighborhood government. Neighborhoods coordinate activities under the Neighborhood Revitalization Program (NRP), funded in the 1990s by the city and state who appropriated $400 million for it over twenty years.[89] Minneapolis is divided into communities, each containing neighborhoods. In some cases two or more neighborhoods act together under one organization. Some areas are commonly known by nicknames of business associations.[90]

Minneapolis City Hall

The organizers of Earth Day scored Minneapolis ninth best overall and second among mid-sized cities in their 2007 Urban Environment Report, a study based on indicators of environmental health and their effect on people.[91]

Early Minneapolis experienced a period of corruption in local government and crime was common until an economic downturn in the mid 1900s. Since 1950 the population decreased and much of downtown was lost to urban renewal and highway construction. The result was a "moribund and peaceful" environment until the 1990s.[92] Along with economic recovery the murder rate climbed. The Minneapolis Police Department imported a computer system from New York City that sent officers to high crime areas despite accusations of racial profiling; the result was a drop in major crime. Since 1999 the number of homicides increased during four years, and to its highest in recent history in 2006.[93] Politicians debate the causes and solutions, including increasing the number of police officers, providing youths with alternatives to gangs and drugs, and helping families in poverty. For 2007, the city invested in public safety infrastructure, hired over forty new officers, and has a new police chief, Tim Dolan.[94]

Education

University of Minnesota teaching art museum, student union and teaching hospital

Minneapolis Public Schools enroll 36,370 students in public primary and secondary schools. The district administers about one hundred public schools including forty-five elementary schools, seven middle schools, seven high schools, eight special education schools, eight alternative schools, nineteen contract alternative schools, and five charter schools. With authority granted by the state legislature, the school board makes policy, selects the superintendent, and oversees the district's budget, curriculum, personnel, and facilities. Students speak ninety different languages at home and most school communications are printed in English, Hmong, Spanish, and Somali.[95] About 44% of students in the Minneapolis Public School system graduate, which ranks the city the 6th worst out of the nation's 50 largest cities.[96] Besides public schools, the city is home to more than twenty private schools and academies and about twenty additional charter schools.[97]

Central Minneapolis Public Library

Minneapolis' collegiate scene is dominated by the main campus of the University of Minnesota where more than 50,000 undergraduate, graduate, and professional students attend twenty colleges, schools, and institutes.[98] The graduate school programs ranked highest in 2007 were counseling and personnel services, chemical engineering, psychology, macroeconomics, applied mathematics and non-profit management.[99] A Big Ten school and home of the Golden Gophers, the U of M is the fourth largest campus in the U.S. in terms of enrollment.[100]

Minneapolis Community and Technical College, the private Dunwoody College of Technology, Globe University/Minnesota School of Business, and Art Institutes International Minnesota provide career training. Augsburg College, Minneapolis College of Art and Design, and North Central University are private four-year colleges. Capella University, Minnesota School of Professional Psychology, and Walden University are headquartered in Minneapolis and some others including the public four-year Metropolitan State University and the private four-year University of St. Thomas have campuses there.[101]

The Hennepin County Library system operates the city's public libraries.[102] The Minneapolis Public Library faced a severe budget shortfall for 2007, and was forced to close three of its neighborhood libraries.[103] The new downtown Central Library designed by César Pelli opened in 2006.[104] Ten special collections hold over 25,000 books and resources for researchers, including the Minneapolis Collection and the Minneapolis Photo Collection.[105] At recent count 1,696,453 items in the system are used annually and the library answers over 500,000 research and fact-finding questions each year.[106]

In 2007, Minneapolis was named America's most literate city. The study, conducted by Live Science, surveyed 69 U.S. cities with a population over 250,000. They focused on six key factors: Number of book stores, newspaper circulation, library resources, periodical publishing resources, educational attainment and Internet resources. In second place was Seattle, Washington and third was Minneapolis' neighbor, St. Paul, followed by Denver, Colorado and Washington, D.C.[107]

Transportation

Metro Transit hybrid diesel-electric bus

Half of Minneapolis-Saint Paul residents work in the city where they live.[108] Most residents drive cars but 60% of the 160,000 people working downtown commute by means other than a single person per auto.[109] Alternative transportation is encouraged. The Metropolitan Council's Metro Transit, which operates the light rail system and most of the city's buses, provides free travel vouchers through the Guaranteed Ride Home program to allay fears that commuters might otherwise be occasionally stranded if, for example, they work late hours.[110] The Hiawatha Line LRT serves 34,000 riders daily and connects the Minneapolis-St. Paul International airport and Mall of America to downtown. Most of the line runs at surface level, although parts of the line run on elevated tracks (including the Franklin Ave. and Lake St./Midtown stations) and approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) of the line runs underground, including the Lindbergh terminal subway station at the airport. [111] The planned Central Corridor LRT will connect downtown with the University of Minnesota and downtown St. Paul via University Avenue. Expected completion is in 2014.[112]

Seven miles (11 km) of enclosed pedestrian bridges called skyways, the Minneapolis Skyway System, link eighty city blocks downtown. Second floor restaurants and retailers connected to these passageways are open on weekdays.[113]

The taxicab ordinance requires 10% wheelchair accessibility by 2009 and some use of alternative fuel or fuel efficient vehicles. Starting in 2011 the city's limit of 343 taxis will be lifted.[114]

On August 1, 2007 the eight-lane Interstate 35W bridge, responsible for carrying 140,000 vehicles daily,[115] collapsed, killing thirteen and injuring one hundred.

Ten thousand cyclists use the bike lanes in the city each day, and many ride in the winter. The Public Works Department expanded the bicycle trail system from the Grand Rounds to 56 miles (90 km) of off-street commuter trails including the Midtown Greenway, the Light Rail Trail, Kenilworth Trail, Cedar Lake Trail and the West River Parkway Trail along the Mississippi. Minneapolis also has 34 miles (54 km) of dedicated bike lanes on city streets and encourages cycling by equipping transit buses with bike racks and by providing online bicycle maps.[116] Many of these trails and bridges, such as the Stone Arch Bridge, were former railroad lines that have now been converted for bicycles and pedestrians.[117] In 2007 citing the city's bicycle lanes, buses and LRT, Forbes identified Minneapolis the world's fifth cleanest city.[118]

Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport (MSP) sits on 3,400 acres (1,400 ha) [119] southeast of the city between Minnesota State Highway 5, Interstate 494, Minnesota State Highway 77, and Minnesota State Highway 62. The airport serves three international, twelve domestic, seven charter and four regional carriers[120] and is a hub and home base for Northwest Airlines, Mesaba Airlines, and Sun Country Airlines.[121]

Amtrak's Empire Builder between Chicago and Seattle stops once daily in each direction at nearby Midway Station in St. Paul.[122] Expected to open in 2009, a commuter rail line, the Northstar Corridor between downtown and Big Lake, Minnesota has been funded. It will utilize existing railroad tracks and will serve a projected 5,000 daily commuters.[123]

Media

WCCO-TV on the Nicollet Mall

Five major newspapers are published in Minneapolis: Star Tribune, Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder, Finance and Commerce, the university's The Minnesota Daily and MinnPost.com. Other publications are the City Pages weekly, the Mpls.St.Paul and Minnesota Monthly monthlies, and Utne magazine.[60] In 2008 readers of online news also used Minnesota Independent, Twin Cities Daily Planet, Downtown Journal, Cursor, MNSpeak and about fifteen other sites.[124] The New York Times said in 1996, "Now there are T-shirts that read, 'Murderapolis,'" a name for the city that members of the local media have mistakenly attributed to the paper.[125]

File:KFAI-entrance-Minneapolis.jpg
KFAI radio in Cedar-Riverside is a public access station.

Minneapolis has a mix of radio stations and healthy listener support for public radio but in the commercial market, a single organization Clear Channel Communications operates seven stations. Listeners support three Minnesota Public Radio non-profit stations, the Minneapolis Public Schools and the University of Minnesota each operate a station, the networks broadcast on affiliate stations, and religious organizations run two stations.[126]

The city's first television was broadcast by the St. Paul station and ABC affiliate KSTP-TV. The first to broadcast in color was WCCO-TV, the CBS affiliate which is located in downtown Minneapolis.[60] The city also receives FOX, NBC, PBS, MyNetworkTV, and The CW through their affiliates and one independent station.[127] Twins Brandon and Brenda Walsh were from Minneapolis on the TV series Beverly Hills, 90210.[128] American Idol held auditions for its sixth season in Minneapolis in 2006[129] and Last Comic Standing held auditions for its fifth season in Minneapolis in 2007.[130]

A statue of Mary Tyler Moore downtown on the Nicollet Mall commemorates the legendary 1970s CBS television situation comedy fictionally based in Minneapolis, The Mary Tyler Moore Show. It marks the site where part of the series' iconic opening sequence was shot.

The show was awarded three Golden Globes and thirty-one Emmy Awards.[131]

Religion and charity

St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral in Loring Park across I-94 from the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden

The Dakota people, the original inhabitants of the area where Minneapolis now stands, believed in the Great Spirit and were surprised that not all European settlers were religious.[132] Over fifty denominations and religions and some well known churches have since been established in Minneapolis. Those who arrived from New England were for the most part Christian Protestants, Quakers, and Universalists.[132] The oldest continuously used church in the city, Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church in the Nicollet Island/East Bank neighborhood was built in 1856 by Universalists and soon afterward was acquired by a French Catholic congregation.[133] Formed in 1878 as Shaarai Tov, in 1902 the first Jewish congregation in Minneapolis built the synagogue in East Isles known since 1920 as Temple Israel.[134] St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral was founded in 1887, opened a missionary school in 1897 and in 1905 created the first Russian Orthodox seminary in the U.S.[135] The first basilica in the U.S., the Roman Catholic Basilica of Saint Mary near Loring Park was named by Pope Pius XI.[132]

Westminster Presbyterian Church (right). The Minneapolis Foundation is located in the IDS Center (center left).

The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, Decision magazine, and World Wide Pictures film and television distribution were headquartered in Minneapolis for about forty of the years between the late 1940s into the 2000s.[136] Jim Bakker and Tammy Faye met while attending the Pentecostal North Central University and began a television ministry that by the 1980s reached 13.5 million households.[137] Today, Mount Olivet Lutheran Church in southwest Minneapolis has 6,000 active members and is the world's largest Lutheran congregation.[138] Christ Church Lutheran in the Longfellow neighborhood is among the finest work by architect Eliel Saarinen. The congregation later added an education building designed by his son Eero Saarinen.[139]

Philanthropy and charitable giving are part of the community.[140] More than 40% of adults in Minneapolis-St. Paul give time to volunteer work, the highest percent in the U.S.[141] Catholic Charities is one of the largest providers of social services locally.[142] The American Refugee Committee helps one million refugees and displaced persons in ten countries in Africa, the Balkans and Asia each year.[143] Although no Minneapolis businesses are top corporate citizens, Business Ethics was based in Minneapolis and was the predecessor of CRO magazine for corporate responsibility officers.[144] The oldest foundation in Minnesota, the Minneapolis Foundation invests and administers over nine hundred charitable funds and connects donors to nonprofit organizations.[145] The metropolitan area gives 13% of its total charitable donations to the arts and culture. The majority of the estimated $1 billion recent expansion of arts facilities was contributed privately.[146]

Health and utilities

File:Midtown Minneapolis-20061015.jpg
Headquarters for Allina Hospitals & Clinics are in Midtown Exchange

Minneapolis has five hospitals, three ranked among America's best by U.S. News & World Report—Abbott Northwestern Hospital (part of Allina), Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center.[147] All three were founded under other names during the 1800s and early 1900s.[148] The Britton Center for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Children's Hospitals and Clinics also serve the city. The Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota is a 75-minute drive away.[149]

Cardiac surgery was developed at the university's Variety Club Hospital, where by 1957, more than two hundred patients had survived open-heart operations, many of them children. Working with surgeon C. Walton Lillehei, Medtronic began to build portable and implantable cardiac pacemakers about this time.[150]

File:Snow-Minneapolis-2007-03-02.jpg
A Snow Emergency

HCMC opened in 1887 as City Hospital and was also known as General Hospital.[148] A public teaching hospital and Level I trauma center, the HCMC safety net sees 350,000 patient visits and 95,000 emergency room visits each year and in 2006 provided about 18% of the uncompensated care given in Minnesota.[151]

Utility providers are regulated monopolies: Xcel Energy supplies electricity, CenterPoint Energy supplies gas, Qwest is the landline telephone provider, and Comcast is the cable service.[152] In 2007 city-wide wireless internet coverage began, provided for 10 years by US Internet of Minnetonka to residents for about $20 per month and to businesses for $30.[153] Minneapolis is one of the first cities to implement city-wide, public Wi-Fi, and as of July, 2008, much of the city was covered, although spots lacking coveage persisted on the East- and West-Central sections of the city.[153][154] The city treats and distributes water and requires payment of a monthly solid waste fee for trash removal, recycling, and drop off for large items. Residents who recycle receive a credit. Hazardous waste is handled by Hennepin County drop off sites.[152] After each significant snowfall, called a snow emergency, the Minneapolis Public Works Street Division plows over one thousand miles (1609 km) of streets and four hundred miles (643.7 km) of alleys—counting both sides, the distance between Minneapolis and Seattle and back. Ordinances govern parking on the plowing routes during these emergencies as well as snow shoveling throughout the city.[155]


References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  1. ↑ Table 2: Minneapolis (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. U.S. Census Bureau (2008-07-25). Retrieved 2008-09-20.
  2. ↑ Table 2: Population Estimates for the 100 Most Populous Metropolitan Statistical Areas Based on July 1, 2006 Population Estimates: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006 (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau (2007-04-05). Retrieved 2007-04-16.
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CSA-pop
  4. ↑ Minneapolis city, Minnesota. U.S. Census Bureau (2006). Retrieved 2008-03-02.
  5. ↑ Minneapolis City Council Official Proceedings: Regular Meeting of July 20, 2007 (Resolution 2007R-370) (PDF). (published 2007-07-28, in Finance and Commerce). Retrieved 2007-08-12. and 150 Years of Statehood. Minnesota Sesquicentennial Commission. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Minneapolis. Emporis Buildings (emporis.com). Retrieved 2007-03-18.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 American's Most Literate Cities. Central Connecticut State University (2007). Retrieved 2008-02-04.
  8. ↑ Nocera, Joe. "The capital of corporate philanthropy", International Herald Tribune, The New York Times Company, December 22, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-11. and A History of Minneapolis: Social Services. Minneapolis Public Library (mpls.lib.mn.us) (2001). Retrieved 2008-01-11.
  9. ↑ Dakota Dictionary Online. University of Minnesota Department of American Indian Studies (fmdb.cla.umn.edu). and A History of Minneapolis: Naming of Minneapolis. Minneapolis Public Library (mpls.lib.mn.us) (2001). Retrieved 2007-03-18.
  10. ↑ Engineering the Falls: The Corps Role at St. Anthony Falls. US Army Corps of Engineers, Mississippi Valley Division, St. Paul District. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  11. ↑ Mississippi: River Facts. U.S. National Park Service (2006-08-14). and Police Recruiting: About Minneapolis. City of Minneapolis (2006). Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  12. ↑ "Minneapolis". Encarta. (1993–2007). and Minnesota—Place and County Subdivision. U.S. Census Bureau (2000). Retrieved 2007-03-24.
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  14. ↑ State of the City (PDF). Planning Division of the Minneapolis Department of Community Planning and Economic Development (2003). Retrieved 2007-08-07.
  15. ↑ Water Resources Report (PDF). Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board (2003). Retrieved 2007-08-07.
  16. ↑ The 45th Parallel. Wurlington Bros. Press. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
  17. ↑ Minnesota Preservation Planner IX (2) (PDF). Minnesota Historical Society (Spring 1998). Retrieved 2007-03-21. and Bonham, Tim (June 10, 2001). email. Retrieved 2007-01-12. and Elevations and Distances in the United States. U.S. Department of the Interior — U.S. Geological Survey (April 29, 2005). Retrieved 2007-04-11.
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  21. ↑ A History of Minneapolis: Mdewakanton Band of the Dakota Nation, Parts I and II. Minneapolis Public Library (mpls.lib.mn.us) (2001). and A History of Minneapolis: Minneapolis Becomes Part of the United States., and A History of Minneapolis: Governance and Infrastructure. and A History of Minneapolis: Railways. Retrieved 2007-04-30..
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  44. ↑ Minnesota Fringe Festivl (PDF). Minnesota Fringe Festival. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
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  46. ↑ Guthrie Theater. Minnesota Historical Society. and Theater History. Guthrie Theater. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
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  48. ↑ Minnesota Shubert Performing Arts and Education Center (PDF). Artspace Projects, Inc. Retrieved 2007-07-29.
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  58. ↑ Minnesota Spoken Word Association. Retrieved 2007-03-18.
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  63. ↑ About The AWA. AWA Wrestling Entertainment (2006). Retrieved 2007-03-16.
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  67. ↑ Vomhof, John. "Commission picks designers for Metrodome project", Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal, Advance Publications, September 26, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
  68. ↑ George, Thomas, "Minneapolis Gets 1992 Super Bowl", The New York Times, 1989-05-25. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
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  74. ↑ Grand Rounds Scenic Byway. National Scenic Byways Online (byways.org).
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  77. ↑ Magnusson, Jemilah (March/April 2005). The Top 10 Green Cities in the U.S. The Green Guide 107. and Minneapolis Local Surface Water Management Plan (PDF). Minneapolis Public Works & Engineering (undated, refers to 2000 census). Retrieved 2007-04-09.
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  79. ↑ Cairn, Rich and Susan (2003). History of Minnehaha Creek Watershed (PDF). Minnehahacreek.org. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
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  81. ↑ Theodore Wirth Park, MN. National Scenic Byways Online (byways.org). and FAQs. Central Park Conservancy (centralparknyc.org) (2006). Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  82. ↑ "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow". Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-30.
  83. ↑ Adams, Lori; Gorin, Amy; Rennie, Doug; Rushlow, Amy; Sayago, Joanna. The 25 Best Running Cities in America. Runner's World. Rodale. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
  84. ↑ Twin Cities Marathon. Twin Cities Marathon (mtcmarathon.org). Retrieved 2007-03-29.
  85. ↑ What's Happening in the Area. Mall of America. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
  86. ↑ America's 100 Greatest Golf Courses/2007-08. Golf Digest (2007).
  87. ↑ Inventor of the Week Archive: Scott & Brennan Olson (spelling corrected per rowbike.com). Lemelson-MIT, MIT School of Engineering (August 1997). Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  88. ↑ City Council. City of Minneapolis. and Minneapolis City Council candidates. E-Democracy (e-democracy.org) (October 26, 2005). Retrieved 2007-03-24. and Anderson, G.R. Jr. (2002-07-10). The Compulsiveness of the Long-Distance Runner. City Pages 23 (1127). and Board of Estimate and Taxation. City of Minneapolis. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
  89. ↑ Fagotto, Elena, Archon Fung (February 15, 2005). The Minneapolis Neighborhood Revitalization Program: An Experiment in Empowered Participatory Governance (PDF). Institute of Development Studies, LogoLink (ids.ac.uk). Retrieved 2007-04-05.
  90. ↑ City of Minneapolis. Neighborhoods & Communities (PDF). GIS Business Services, City of Minneapolis (2004, updated January 2006). and City of Minneapolis Business Associations (PDF). Minneapolis Community Planning and Economic Development (CPED) Department (November 17, 2005). Retrieved 2007-02-10.
  91. ↑ Urban Environment Report, City Environment Data: Minneapolis, Minnesota. Earth Day Network. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
  92. ↑ Moskowitz, Dara (1995-10-11). Minneapolis Confidential. City Pages 16 (775).
  93. ↑ Uniform Crime Reports. Minneapolis Police Department, CODEFOR Unit. Retrieved 2007-02-10.
  94. ↑ Williams, Brandt. "Homicide problem awaits Minneapolis' new police chief", Minnesota Public Radio, January 9, 2007. and Scheck, Tom. "Sparks fly at Minneapolis mayoral debate", Minnesota Public Radio, August 25, 2005. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
  95. ↑ MPS Facts 2006–2007. Minneapolis Public Schools. and About MPS. and Board of Education. Retrieved 2007-03-24.
  96. ↑ Diaz, Kevin. "Minneapolis schools get failing grade on dropouts", Star Tribune, Avista Capital Partners, March 31, 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
  97. ↑ Alphabetical List of Nonpublic Schools. Minnesota Department of Education (2005). and Charter Schools (2005). Retrieved 2007-03-24.
  98. ↑ "Minnesota, University of". Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2007). Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
  99. ↑ University of Minnesota Rankings. U.S. News and World Report via Regents of the University of Minnesota. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
  100. ↑ NCES Digest of Education Statistics (2005). Retrieved 2007-03-24.
  101. ↑ Post-Secondary Schools. Minnesota Department of Education (2005). Retrieved 2007-03-24.
  102. ↑ Guiding Principles for the Consolidation of Library Services in Hennepin County (PDF). Hennepin County Library. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
  103. ↑ Frequently Asked Questions: Library Board Decisions and Libraries Closing. Minneapolis Public Library (mpls.lib.mn.us) (2006-10-26). Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  104. ↑ Arts at MPL: Cesar Pelli (February 2, 2007). Retrieved 2007-03-24.
  105. ↑ Unique Collections. Minneapolis Public Library (mpls.lib.mn.us) (March 15, 2007). Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  106. ↑ MPL Annual Report (PDF) (2004). Retrieved 2007-03-24.
  107. ↑ [1]
  108. ↑ Minneapolis/St. Paul in Focus: A Profile from Census 2000 (PDF). Brookings Institution, Living Cities Census Series (2003). Retrieved 2007-04-08.
  109. ↑ Cati Vanden Breul (September 28, 2005). Downtown Minneapolis named one of 17 best commuting districts. The Minnesota Daily. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
  110. ↑ Guaranteed Ride Home. Metro Transit. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
  111. ↑ APTA Transit Ridership Report (PDF). American Public Transportation Association (Third Quarter, 2006). and Hiawatha Line. Metro Transit (2006). Retrieved 2007-02-03.
  112. ↑ Central Corridor next steps and timeline. Metropolitan Council (April 2, 2007). Retrieved 2007-04-11.
  113. ↑ Skyways. Meet Minneapolis. Retrieved 2007-03-21. and Gill, N.S.. Skyways: Downtown Minneapolis and St. Paul Skyways. About.com. About, Inc., The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
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  115. ↑ 2006 Downtown Minneapolis Traffic Volumes (PDF). Minnesota Department of Transportation (2006). Retrieved 2007-08-07.
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  118. ↑ Malone, Robert (2007-04-16). Which Are The World's Cleanest Cities?. Forbes. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
  119. ↑ History and Mission. Metropolitan Airports Commission. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
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  124. ↑ Córdova, Cristina. "All the News That Fits—and Then Some", The Rake, Rake Publishing, February 19, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
  125. ↑ Anderson, G.R. Jr. (2007-03-21). The Human Shield. City Pages 28 (1372). and Shortal, Jana. "Gang violence on the rise? Some veteran officers say Yes.", KARE-11, April 6, 2007. and Johnson, Dirk. "Nice City's Nasty Distinction: Murders Soar in Minneapolis", The New York Times, The New York Times Company, June 30, 1996. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
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  127. ↑ Weeks, John (2003). Minneapolis / St. Paul: Minnesota Twin Cities Area: Digital TV & HDTV Cheat Sheet. Retrieved 2007-03-18.
  128. ↑ Sparling, David A., Internet Movie Database. Plot summary for "Beverly Hills, 90210". Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  129. ↑ Gary Levin. "Idol tryouts begin Aug. 8", USA Today, Gannett Company, Inc, July 10, 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  130. ↑ NBC's "Last Comic Standing" Live Tour. North Shore Music Theatre. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
  131. ↑ Mary Tyler Moore statue. Meet Minneapolis. Retrieved 2007-03-21.and Awards for "Mary Tyler Moore" (1970). Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 132.2 A History of Minneapolis: Religion. Minneapolis Public Library (mpls.lib.mn.us). Retrieved 2007-04-30.
  133. ↑ Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church. Yahoo! Travel. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
  134. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Nathanson
  135. ↑ FitzGerald, Thomas E. (1998). The Orthodox Church. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-27596-438-8.  and About St. Mary's. St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral (2006). Retrieved 2007-03-19.
  136. ↑ Billy Graham and the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association - Historical Background. Billy Graham Center (November 11, 2004). Retrieved 2007-03-19.
  137. ↑ Camhi, Leslie. "FILM; The Fabulousness Of Tammy Faye", The New York Times, The New York Times Company, July 23, 2000. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
  138. ↑ Vaughan, John N. (January 2005). Growth Trends. Church Report. Christy Media, LLC. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
  139. ↑ "Eliel Saarinen". Encyclopaedia Britannica. and Koulun sijainti / School location. Finnish Language School of Minnesota. Retrieved 2007-08-07.
  140. ↑ A History of Minneapolis: Social Services. Minneapolis Public Library (mpls.lib.mn.us) (2001). Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  141. ↑ Ohlemacher, Stephen. "Detroit area has volunteer spirit", Detroit Free Press, July 9, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
  142. ↑ Catholic Charities of St. Paul & Minneapolis. Charity Navigator (2006). Retrieved 2007-04-30.
  143. ↑ American Refugee Committee International. Charity Navigator (2006). Retrieved 2007-04-30.
  144. ↑ History. Business Ethics (business-ethics.com) (2005). Retrieved 2007-03-19. and 100 Best Corporate Citizens Repeat Performers. CRO (thecro.com) (2006–2007). Retrieved 2007-03-19.
  145. ↑ The Minneapolis Foundation. Charity Navigator (2006). Retrieved 2007-04-30.
  146. ↑ Cohen, Burt (May 2006). The Spirit of Giving (PDF). Mpls.St.Paul (via Meet Minneapolis). Retrieved 2007-03-21.
  147. ↑ "Best Hospitals 2006", U.S.News & World Report, U.S.News & World Report, L.P.. Retrieved 2007-03-22.
  148. ↑ 148.0 148.1 A History of Minneapolis: Medicine. Minneapolis Public Library (mpls.lib.mn.us) (2001). Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  149. ↑ Rochester, Minnesota Campus. Mayo Foundation. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
  150. ↑ Jeffrey, Kirk (2001). Machines in Our Hearts: The Cardiac Pacemaker, the Implantable Defibrillator, and American Health Care. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-80186-579-4. 
  151. ↑ Verified Trauma Centers. American College of Surgeons (March 9, 2007). Retrieved 2007-03-29. and About HCMC. and HCMC Governance. Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC). Retrieved 2007-06-26.
  152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 Utilities. City of Minneapolis. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
  153. ↑ 153.0 153.1 Wireless Minneapolis Frequently Asked Questions. City of Minneapolis. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
  154. ↑ Wireless Minneapolis Coverage Map. USI Wireless (2008). Retrieved 2008-07-19.
  155. ↑ Snow and Ice Control. City of Minneapolis. Retrieved 2007-05-04.

Further reading

Portal Minneapolis, Minnesota Portal
  • Lileks, James (2003). Minneapolis. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  • Richards, Hanje (May 7, 2002). Minneapolis-St. Paul Then and Now. Thunder Bay Press. ISBN 1-57145-687-2. 

External links

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