Difference between revisions of "Psychologists" - New World Encyclopedia
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− | A '''psychologist''' is a scientist who studies [[psychology]], the systematic investigation of | + | A '''psychologist''' is a scientist who studies [[psychology]], the systematic investigation of human [[behavior,_human|behavior]] and mental processes. Psychologists are usually categorized under a number of different fields, the most well-recognized being [[clinical_psychology|clinical psychologists]], who provide [[mental_health_and_illness|mental health]] care, and research psychologists, who investigate and analyze various aspects of human behavior. |
− | + | Unlike [[pyschiatry|psychiatrist]]s, psychologists are not [[medicine|medical doctors]] and hence, generally, cannot obtain a license to prescribe [[drug|medication]]s. A clinical psychologist is a mental health professional who has a doctoral degree (usually a Ph.D. or a Psy.D.) in Clinical or [[Counseling]] Psychology and has met local licensing criteria. Those criteria typically include a period of post-doctoral practice under the supervision of a licensed psychologist, a licensing exam, and continuing education requirements. Such licensed psychologists and can legally provide [[psychotherapy]] and use this term to refer to aspects of the mental health treatments they perform. | |
− | + | Research psychologists generally have academic doctoral [[degree]]s (Ph.D.) that are different from the professional degrees of medical doctors and clinical psychologists in that they require significant academic research experience and original contributions to scientific research in the form of a [[dissertation]]*. | |
==Types of psychologist== | ==Types of psychologist== | ||
− | Psychologists | + | Psychologists may be categorized under different fields or disciplines: |
− | * Clinical psychologists and | + | * '''Clinical psychologists''' and '''Counseling psychologists''' diagnose and evaluate mental and [[affective_disorder|emotional disorders]], and use tools such as [[psychotherapy]] and [[hypnosis]] to treat affected patients. They conduct [[interview]]s and psychological tests, and may conduct complex treatment programs, sometimes in conjunction with physicians or other specialists. |
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+ | *'''Occupational psychologists''' are concerned with the performance of people at work and in training, with developing an understanding of how organizations function and how individuals and groups behave at work. Their aim is to increase effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction at work. | ||
+ | * '''Research psychologists''' or '''[[Experimental psychologists]]''' study behavioral processes by conducting [[scientific_method|scientific]] research on [[human being]]s and [[animal]]s. They work in universities and private research centers, as well as for government organizations. Common areas of research include [[emotion]], [[intelligence]], [[learning]], [[memory]], [[motivation]], [[personality]] and factors affecting behavior and [[psychological development]]. | ||
+ | ==Major contributors to psychology== | ||
This list includes famous [[psychologist]]s and contributors to [[psychology]]; some of them may not have thought of themselves primarily as psychologists but are included here because of their important contributions to the discipline. | This list includes famous [[psychologist]]s and contributors to [[psychology]]; some of them may not have thought of themselves primarily as psychologists but are included here because of their important contributions to the discipline. | ||
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Revision as of 17:20, 31 January 2006
Psychology |
History |
Psychologists |
Divisions |
---|
Abnormal |
Applied |
Biological |
Clinical |
Cognitive |
Comparative |
Developmental |
Differential |
Industrial |
Parapsychology |
Personality |
Positive |
Religion |
Social |
Approaches |
Behaviorism |
Depth |
Experimental |
Gestalt |
Humanistic |
Information processing |
A psychologist is a scientist who studies psychology, the systematic investigation of human behavior and mental processes. Psychologists are usually categorized under a number of different fields, the most well-recognized being clinical psychologists, who provide mental health care, and research psychologists, who investigate and analyze various aspects of human behavior.
Unlike psychiatrists, psychologists are not medical doctors and hence, generally, cannot obtain a license to prescribe medications. A clinical psychologist is a mental health professional who has a doctoral degree (usually a Ph.D. or a Psy.D.) in Clinical or Counseling Psychology and has met local licensing criteria. Those criteria typically include a period of post-doctoral practice under the supervision of a licensed psychologist, a licensing exam, and continuing education requirements. Such licensed psychologists and can legally provide psychotherapy and use this term to refer to aspects of the mental health treatments they perform.
Research psychologists generally have academic doctoral degrees (Ph.D.) that are different from the professional degrees of medical doctors and clinical psychologists in that they require significant academic research experience and original contributions to scientific research in the form of a dissertation.
Types of psychologist
Psychologists may be categorized under different fields or disciplines:
- Clinical psychologists and Counseling psychologists diagnose and evaluate mental and emotional disorders, and use tools such as psychotherapy and hypnosis to treat affected patients. They conduct interviews and psychological tests, and may conduct complex treatment programs, sometimes in conjunction with physicians or other specialists.
- Occupational psychologists are concerned with the performance of people at work and in training, with developing an understanding of how organizations function and how individuals and groups behave at work. Their aim is to increase effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction at work.
- Research psychologists or Experimental psychologists study behavioral processes by conducting scientific research on human beings and animals. They work in universities and private research centers, as well as for government organizations. Common areas of research include emotion, intelligence, learning, memory, motivation, personality and factors affecting behavior and psychological development.
Major contributors to psychology
This list includes famous psychologists and contributors to psychology; some of them may not have thought of themselves primarily as psychologists but are included here because of their important contributions to the discipline.
Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
- Alfred Adler
- Jüri Allik
- Gordon Allport
- Michael Argyle
- Solomon Asch
- Roberto Assagioli
- John William Atkinson
- Aushra Augustinavichute
B
- Michael Balint
- Albert Bandura
- Vladimir Bekhterev
- Sir Frederic Bartlett
- Aaron T. Beck (A psychiatrist, not a psychologist; founder of cognitive therapy)
- Ernest Becker
- Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi
- Richard Bentall
- Daryl Bem
- Michael Billig
- Alfred Binet
- Wilfred Bion
- David Birch
- John Bowlby
- Nathaniel Branden
- Donald Broadbent
- Urie Bronfenbrenner (founder of "Human Ecology" / theory of the ecology of human development)
- Jerome S. Bruner
- Sir Cyril Burt
C
- Mary Calkins
- James Cattell
- Laura Carstensen
- Jean-Martin Charcot
- Nancy Chodorow
- Leda Cosmides
- Clyde Coombs
D
- Lloyd deMause
- John Dewey
- Dietrich Doerner
E
- Derek Edwards
- Paul Ekman
- Albert Ellis (founder of "Rational Emotive Behavorial Therapy")
- Havelock Ellis
- Erik H. Erikson
- Milton H. Erickson
- Hans Eysenck
F
- Leon Festinger
- Viktor Frankl
- Anna Freud
- Sigmund Freud (founder of Psychoanalysis)
- Erich Fromm
G
- John Gabrieli
- Francis Galton
- J. J. Gibson
- Daniel Goleman
- Elizabeth Gould
- Robert Grosseteste
- J. P. Guilford
H
- G. Stanley Hall
- Harry Harlow
- Friedrich Hayek
- Donald O. Hebb
- Fritz Heider
- Richard Herrnstein
- Leta Hollingworth
- Edwin Holt
- Karen Horney
- David Hume
- Clark L. Hull
- Edwin Hutchins
I
J
- William James
- Kay Redfield Jamison
- Arthur Janov (invented Primal therapy)
- Julian Jaynes
- Marcia K. Johnson
- Phlip Johnson-Laird
- Ernest Jones
- Mary Cover Jones
- Carl Gustav Jung
K
- Daniel Kahneman (Nobel laureate)
- George Kelly
- Otto F. Kernberg (psychiatrist)
- Alfred Kinsey
- Melanie Klein
- Friedhart Klix
- Kurt Koffka (co-founder of Gestalt psychology)
- Wolfgang Köhler (co-founder of Gestalt psychology)
- Lawrence Kohlberg
- Heinz Kohut
- Emil Kraepelin
- Gundula Krause
- Elizabeth Kübler-Ross
L
- Jacques Lacan
- Ellen Langer
- Michael Langone
- Karl Lashley
- Kurt Lewin
- Elizabeth Loftus
- Konrad Lorenz
M
- Margaret Mahler
- Abraham Maslow
- William Masters and Virginia Johnson (Physicians, not psychologists)
- Rollo May
- David McClelland
- James McClelland
- William McDougall
- George Herbert Mead
- Jacques Mehler
- Ronald Melzack
- Wolfgang Metzger (main representative of Gestalt psychology in Germany)
- Stanley Milgram
- Alice Miller
- George A. Miller
- Neal E. Miller
- Brenda Milner
- Arnold Mindell (founder of Process Oriented Psychology)
- Stephen A. Mitchell
- Raymond Moody
- C. Lloyd Morgan (noted for his canon)
- O. H. Mowrer
- Hugo Munsterberg
- John F. Murray (sport psychologist)
N
- Ulric Neisser
- Alexander Sutherland Neill
- Erich Neumann
- Donald Norman
- Kent Norman
O
- James "Jim" Olds
- Thomas Ogden
P
- Ivan Pavlov
- Fritz Perls
- Jean Piaget
- Steven Pinker
- Jonathan Potter
- James W. Prescott
- Zenon Pylyshyn
Q
R
- Vilayanur S. Ramachandran
- Otto Rank
- Wilhelm Reich
- Ulf-Dietrich Reips
- Samuel Renshaw
- Carl Rogers
- Hermann Rorschach
- Eleanor Rosch
- Julian Rotter
- David Rumelhart
S
- Virginia Satir (A social worker, not a psychologist)
- Daniel Schacter
- Stanley Schachter
- Roy Schafer
- Walter Dill Scott
- Margaret Singer
- Martin Seligman
- Morita Shoma
- Burrhus F. Skinner
- Herbert Simon (Nobel laureate)
- Paul Slovic
- Charles Spearman
- Stanley Smith Stevens
- Robert Sternberg
- Harry Stack Sullivan
- José Szapocznik
T
- Edward L. Thorndike
- L. L. Thurstone
- Edward Titchener
- Endel Tulving
- Edward C. Tolman
- Anne Treisman
- Amos Tversky
U
- Dimitri Uznadze
V
- Liev S. Vygotski
W
- Hans-Juergen Walter (founder of Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy)
- Margaret Floy Washburn (First female PhD in psychology)
- John B. Watson
- Paul Watzlawick
- David Wechsler
- Max Wertheimer (co-founder of Gestalt psychology)
- Donald Woods Winnicott
- Robert S. Woodworth
- Wilhelm Wundt (father of Experimental psychology)
X
Y
- Irvin Yalom (A psychiatrist, not a psychologist)
- Robert Yerkes
Z
- Robert J. Zajonc
- Oliver L. Zangwill
- Philip Zimbardo
- Manas K Mandal
Prescientific theorists
External links
- Bureau of Labor Statistics page
- California Employment Development Department occupational guide
- Career Prospects in Virginia: research psychology
See also
- List of cognitive scientists
- List of people by occupation
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