Difference between revisions of "Psychologists" - New World Encyclopedia
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In the legal context in the United States and Canada, '''Psychologist''' is a protected professional title. In this sense, the title of "Psychologist" means that the mental health professional has a doctoral degree (usually a Ph.D. or a Psy.D.) in Clinical or Counseling Psychology ''and'' has also met state or provincial licensing criteria. Those criteria typically include a period of post-doctoral practice under the supervision of a licensed psychologist, a licensing exam, and continuing education requirements. In most states in the United States and in Canada, only licensed psychologists and psychiatrists can legally provide [[psychotherapy]] and use this term to refer to aspects of the mental health treatments they perform. | In the legal context in the United States and Canada, '''Psychologist''' is a protected professional title. In this sense, the title of "Psychologist" means that the mental health professional has a doctoral degree (usually a Ph.D. or a Psy.D.) in Clinical or Counseling Psychology ''and'' has also met state or provincial licensing criteria. Those criteria typically include a period of post-doctoral practice under the supervision of a licensed psychologist, a licensing exam, and continuing education requirements. In most states in the United States and in Canada, only licensed psychologists and psychiatrists can legally provide [[psychotherapy]] and use this term to refer to aspects of the mental health treatments they perform. | ||
− | Unlike [[psychiatrist]]s, psychologists are not [[physician|medical doctors]] and hence, in most states, cannot obtain a license to prescribe [[psychiatric medication]]s. Prescription privileges in the United States have recently began to change in some states, and some psychologists are gaining prescriptive privileges, specifically in [[New Mexico]] and [[Louisiana]]. Licensed psychologists generally have academic doctoral degrees ( | + | Unlike [[psychiatrist]]s, psychologists are not [[physician|medical doctors]] and hence, in most states, cannot obtain a license to prescribe [[psychiatric medication]]s. Prescription privileges in the United States have recently began to change in some states, and some psychologists are gaining prescriptive privileges, specifically in [[New Mexico]]* and [[Louisiana]]*. Licensed psychologists generally have academic doctoral degrees (Ph.D.) that are different from the professional degrees of medical doctors in that they require not only coursework, supervised protessional training, and clinical internship but also significant academic research experience and original contributions to scientific research in the form of a [[dissertation]]*. In this sense, the Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology is a hybrid academic/professional degree, and university programs in Clinical Psychology are not only acedmic but also training programs typically characterized by rigor and intensity. Some psychologists have professional degrees in psychology (Psy.D.) that include similarly rigorous coursework, supervised professional training, internship, and developing the ability to read and interpret academic research, but they do not necessarily require original research contributions to science. |
==Types of psychologist== | ==Types of psychologist== |
Revision as of 20:26, 30 January 2006
Psychology |
History |
Psychologists |
Divisions |
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Abnormal |
Applied |
Biological |
Clinical |
Cognitive |
Comparative |
Developmental |
Differential |
Industrial |
Parapsychology |
Personality |
Positive |
Religion |
Social |
Approaches |
Behaviorism |
Depth |
Experimental |
Gestalt |
Humanistic |
Information processing |
A psychologist is a scientist who studies psychology, the systematic investigation of the human behavior and mental processes. Psychologists are usually categorised under a number of different fields, the most well-recognised being clinical psychologists, who provide mental health care, and research psychologists, who collect, investigate and analyse aspects of human behaviour.
In the legal context in the United States and Canada, Psychologist is a protected professional title. In this sense, the title of "Psychologist" means that the mental health professional has a doctoral degree (usually a Ph.D. or a Psy.D.) in Clinical or Counseling Psychology and has also met state or provincial licensing criteria. Those criteria typically include a period of post-doctoral practice under the supervision of a licensed psychologist, a licensing exam, and continuing education requirements. In most states in the United States and in Canada, only licensed psychologists and psychiatrists can legally provide psychotherapy and use this term to refer to aspects of the mental health treatments they perform.
Unlike psychiatrists, psychologists are not medical doctors and hence, in most states, cannot obtain a license to prescribe psychiatric medications. Prescription privileges in the United States have recently began to change in some states, and some psychologists are gaining prescriptive privileges, specifically in New Mexico and Louisiana. Licensed psychologists generally have academic doctoral degrees (Ph.D.) that are different from the professional degrees of medical doctors in that they require not only coursework, supervised protessional training, and clinical internship but also significant academic research experience and original contributions to scientific research in the form of a dissertation. In this sense, the Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology is a hybrid academic/professional degree, and university programs in Clinical Psychology are not only acedmic but also training programs typically characterized by rigor and intensity. Some psychologists have professional degrees in psychology (Psy.D.) that include similarly rigorous coursework, supervised professional training, internship, and developing the ability to read and interpret academic research, but they do not necessarily require original research contributions to science.
Types of psychologist
Psychologists are often categorised under different fields or disciplines.
- Clinical psychologists and Counselling psychologists often work in counseling centres, hospitals and clinics. They diagnose and evaluate mental and emotional disorders, and use tools such as psychotherapy and hypnosis to treat affected patients. They conduct interviews and psychological tests, and may conduct complex treatment programs, sometimes in conjunction with physicians or other specialists.
- Occupational Psychologists are concerned with the performance of people at work and in training, with developing an understanding of how organisations function and how individuals and groups behave at work. Their aim is to increase effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction at work.
- Research psychologists study behavioural processes by experimenting on human beings and animals. They work in universities and private research centres, as well as for government organisations and often contribute to fields including marketing, design, and different forms of drug and chemical research. Common areas of research include memory, motivation, and factors affecting behaviour and development.
Statistics
These statistics are from the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, information dated 2002 unless noted otherwise.
- Employed psychologists: 139,000
- 1/4 self-employed
- 3/10 employed by educational institutions (in positions other than teaching)
- Median income for clinical psychologists: USD$51,170
- Median income for industrial/organisational psychologists: USD$63,710
Restrictions on the use of the label 'Psychologist"
In New Zealand, the use of the title 'psychologist' is restricted by law. Initially, only 'clinical psychologist' and 'registered psychologist' were restricted (to people qualified as such). However, in 2004, the use of psychologist is now limited to only those registered psychologists (including clinical psychologists). This is to prevent the misrepresentation of other psychology qualifications in the mental health field. Academic psychologists (e.g., social psychologists) are now only able to refer to themselves as 'Researchers in Psychology'.
Similar restictions apply in the United States, although application of these restrictions varies state-by-state. For example, School Psychologists, tend to have fewer years of course-based training and practice (e.g., residencies and fellowships) and less experience in conducting independent research than Clinical Psychologists. (Some School Psychologists may have earned a doctorate (Ed.D., Psy.D., Ph.D.) but the vast majority have completed Master's degree training (M.Ed., M.A., M.S.) or Educational Specialist training (Ed.S.) only. Clinical Psychologists, by definition, have completed a doctorate). For this reason, individuals with training in School Psychology cannot be licensed as a Psychologist, per se. Similarly, many states restrict the work of Clinical Psychologists to function in public schools.
This list includes famous psychologists and contributors to psychology; some of them may not have thought of themselves primarily as psychologists but are included here because of their important contributions to the discipline.
Specialised lists of psychologists can be found at the articles comparative psychology, list of social psychologists and list of cognitive scientists. Psychologists included in those lists are also listed below:
Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
- Alfred Adler
- Jüri Allik
- Gordon Allport
- Michael Argyle
- Solomon Asch
- Roberto Assagioli
- John William Atkinson
- Aushra Augustinavichute
B
- Michael Balint
- Albert Bandura
- Vladimir Bekhterev
- Sir Frederic Bartlett
- Aaron T. Beck (A psychiatrist, not a psychologist; founder of cognitive therapy)
- Ernest Becker
- Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi
- Richard Bentall
- Daryl Bem
- Michael Billig
- Alfred Binet
- Wilfred Bion
- David Birch
- John Bowlby
- Nathaniel Branden
- Donald Broadbent
- Urie Bronfenbrenner (founder of "Human Ecology" / theory of the ecology of human development)
- Jerome S. Bruner
- Sir Cyril Burt
C
- Mary Calkins
- James Cattell
- Laura Carstensen
- Jean-Martin Charcot
- Nancy Chodorow
- Leda Cosmides
- Clyde Coombs
D
- Lloyd deMause
- John Dewey
- Dietrich Doerner
E
- Derek Edwards
- Paul Ekman
- Albert Ellis (founder of "Rational Emotive Behavorial Therapy")
- Havelock Ellis
- Erik H. Erikson
- Milton H. Erickson
- Hans Eysenck
F
- Leon Festinger
- Viktor Frankl
- Anna Freud
- Sigmund Freud (founder of Psychoanalysis)
- Erich Fromm
G
- John Gabrieli
- Francis Galton
- J. J. Gibson
- Daniel Goleman
- Elizabeth Gould
- Robert Grosseteste
- J. P. Guilford
H
- G. Stanley Hall
- Harry Harlow
- Friedrich Hayek
- Donald O. Hebb
- Fritz Heider
- Richard Herrnstein
- Leta Hollingworth
- Edwin Holt
- Karen Horney
- David Hume
- Clark L. Hull
- Edwin Hutchins
I
J
- William James
- Kay Redfield Jamison
- Arthur Janov (invented Primal therapy)
- Julian Jaynes
- Marcia K. Johnson
- Phlip Johnson-Laird
- Ernest Jones
- Mary Cover Jones
- Carl Gustav Jung
K
- Daniel Kahneman (Nobel laureate)
- George Kelly
- Otto F. Kernberg (psychiatrist)
- Alfred Kinsey
- Melanie Klein
- Friedhart Klix
- Kurt Koffka (co-founder of Gestalt psychology)
- Wolfgang Köhler (co-founder of Gestalt psychology)
- Lawrence Kohlberg
- Heinz Kohut
- Emil Kraepelin
- Gundula Krause
- Elizabeth Kübler-Ross
L
- Jacques Lacan
- Ellen Langer
- Michael Langone
- Karl Lashley
- Kurt Lewin
- Elizabeth Loftus
- Konrad Lorenz
M
- Margaret Mahler
- Abraham Maslow
- William Masters and Virginia Johnson (Physicians, not psychologists)
- Rollo May
- David McClelland
- James McClelland
- William McDougall
- George Herbert Mead
- Jacques Mehler
- Ronald Melzack
- Wolfgang Metzger (main representative of Gestalt psychology in Germany)
- Stanley Milgram
- Alice Miller
- George A. Miller
- Neal E. Miller
- Brenda Milner
- Arnold Mindell (founder of Process Oriented Psychology)
- Stephen A. Mitchell
- Raymond Moody
- C. Lloyd Morgan (noted for his canon)
- O. H. Mowrer
- Hugo Munsterberg
- John F. Murray (sport psychologist)
N
- Ulric Neisser
- Alexander Sutherland Neill
- Erich Neumann
- Donald Norman
- Kent Norman
O
- James "Jim" Olds
- Thomas Ogden
P
- Ivan Pavlov
- Fritz Perls
- Jean Piaget
- Steven Pinker
- Jonathan Potter
- James W. Prescott
- Zenon Pylyshyn
Q
R
- Vilayanur S. Ramachandran
- Otto Rank
- Wilhelm Reich
- Ulf-Dietrich Reips
- Samuel Renshaw
- Carl Rogers
- Hermann Rorschach
- Eleanor Rosch
- Julian Rotter
- David Rumelhart
S
- Virginia Satir (A social worker, not a psychologist)
- Daniel Schacter
- Stanley Schachter
- Roy Schafer
- Walter Dill Scott
- Margaret Singer
- Martin Seligman
- Morita Shoma
- Burrhus F. Skinner
- Herbert Simon (Nobel laureate)
- Paul Slovic
- Charles Spearman
- Stanley Smith Stevens
- Robert Sternberg
- Harry Stack Sullivan
- José Szapocznik
T
- Edward L. Thorndike
- L. L. Thurstone
- Edward Titchener
- Endel Tulving
- Edward C. Tolman
- Anne Treisman
- Amos Tversky
U
- Dimitri Uznadze
V
- Liev S. Vygotski
W
- Hans-Juergen Walter (founder of Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy)
- Margaret Floy Washburn (First female PhD in psychology)
- John B. Watson
- Paul Watzlawick
- David Wechsler
- Max Wertheimer (co-founder of Gestalt psychology)
- Donald Woods Winnicott
- Robert S. Woodworth
- Wilhelm Wundt (father of Experimental psychology)
X
Y
- Irvin Yalom (A psychiatrist, not a psychologist)
- Robert Yerkes
Z
- Robert J. Zajonc
- Oliver L. Zangwill
- Philip Zimbardo
- Manas K Mandal
Prescientific theorists
External links
- Bureau of Labor Statistics page
- California Employment Development Department occupational guide
- Career Prospects in Virginia: research psychology
See also
- List of cognitive scientists
- List of people by occupation
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