Côte d'Ivoire
République de Côte d'Ivoire Republic of Côte d'Ivoire |
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Motto: (translation) Unity, Discipline and Labour | ||||||
Anthem: L'Abidjanaise |
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Capital | Yamoussoukro (official) Abidjan (de facto) | |||||
Largest city | Abidjan | |||||
Official languages | French | |||||
Government | Republic | |||||
Independence | From France | |||||
Area | ||||||
- | Total | 322,460 km² (67th) 124,502 sq mi |
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- | Water (%) | 1.4% | ||||
Population | ||||||
- | 2005 estimate | 18,154,000 ¹ (57th) | ||||
- | 1988 census | 10,815,694 | ||||
GDP (PPP) | 2005 estimate | |||||
- | Total | $28,460 million (98th) | ||||
- | Per capita | $1475 (157th) | ||||
Currency | CFA franc (XOF ) |
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Time zone | GMT (UTC+0) | |||||
- | Summer (DST) | not observed (UTC+0) | ||||
Internet TLD | .ci | |||||
Calling code | +225 | |||||
¹ Estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower population than would otherwise be expected. |
Côte d'Ivoire pronounced /kot divwaʀ/ in International French; commonly called Ivory Coast in English, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the coast of West Africa. It borders Liberia and Guinea to the west, Mali and Burkina Faso to the north, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The population is more than 18 million and its capital is Abidjan; Yamoussorkro, is the capital designate.
Once one of the most prosperous of the tropical West African states, its economy has been undermined and its people held back by political turmoil and civil war.
History
Little is known about Côte d'Ivoire before the arrival of Portuguese ships in the 1460s. The major ethnic groups came relatively recently from neighboring areas: the Kru people came from Liberia around 1600; the Senoufo and Lobi moved southward from Burkina Faso and Mali; in the 18th and 19th centuries the Akan people, including the Baoulé, migrated from Ghana into the eastern area of the country, and the Malinké from Guinea into the northwest.
French colonial era
Compared to neighboring Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire suffered little from the slave trade. European slaving and merchant ships preferred other areas along the coast with better harbors. France took an interest in the 1840s, enticing local chiefs to grant French commercial traders a monopoly along the coast. Thereafter, the French built naval bases to keep out non-French traders and began a systematic conquest of the interior. They accomplished this only after a long war in the 1890s against Mandinka forces, mostly from Gambia. Guerrilla warfare by the Baoulé and other eastern groups continued until 1917.
France's main goal was to stimulate the production of exports. Coffee, cocoa and palm oil crops were soon planted along the coast. Côte d'Ivoire stood out as the only West African country with a sizeable population of 'settlers'; elsewhere in West and Central Africa, the French and British presence were largely as bureaucrats. As a result, a third of the cocoa, coffee and banana plantations were in the hands of French citizens and a deletorious forced-labor system became the backbone of the economy.
Independence
The son of a Baoulé chief, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, was to become Côte d'Ivoire's father of independence. In 1944 he formed the country's first agricultural trade union for African cocoa farmers like himself. Annoyed that colonial policy favored French plantation owners, they united to recruit migrant workers for their own farms. Houphouët-Boigny soon rose to prominence and within a year was elected to the French Parliament in Paris. A year later the French abolished forced labor. As Houphouët-Boigny grew fonder of money and power, and became more ingratiated with the French, he gradually dropped the more radical stance of his youth. France reciprocated by making him the first African to become a minister in a European government.
At the time of Côte d'Ivoire's independence in 1960, the country was easily French West Africa's most prosperous, contributing over 40 percent of the region's total exports. When Houphouët-Boigny became the first president, his government gave farmers good prices to further stimulate production. Coffee production increased significantly, catapulting Côte d'Ivoire into third place in total output behind Brazil and Colombia. By 1979 the country was the world's leading producer of cocoa. It also became Africa's leading exporter of pineapples and palm oil. French technicians contributed to the 'Ivorian miracle'. In the rest of Africa, Europeans were driven out following independence; but in Côte d'Ivoire, they poured in. The French community grew from 10,000 to 50,000 inhabitants, most of them teachers and advisers. For 20 years, the economy maintained an annual growth rate of nearly 10 percent - the highest of Africa's non-oil-exporting countries.
Houphouët-Boigny administration
Politically, Houphouët-Boigny ruled with an iron hand. The press was not free, and only one political party was tolerated. Houphouët-Boigny was also Africa's number one producer of 'show' projects. So many millions of dollars were spent transforming his village, Yamoussoukro, into the new capital that it became the butt of jokes. But by the early 1980s, the world recession and a local drought sent shock waves through the Ivorian economy. Due in large part to the over cutting of timber and collapsing sugar prices, the country's national debt increased threefold. Crime rose dramatically in Abidjan. The miracle was over.
In 1990, hundreds of civil servants went on strike, joined by students protesting institutional corruption. The unrest forced the government to support multiparty democracy. Houphouët-Boigny became increasingly feeble and died in 1993. He favored Henri Konan Bédié as his successor.
Bédié administration
In October 1995, Bédié won re-election, overwhelming a fragmented and disorganized opposition. He tightened his hold over political life, jailing several hundred opposition supporters. In contrast, the economic outlook improved, at least superficially, with decreasing inflation and an attempt to remove foreign debt.
Bedié was very careful at avoiding ethnic conflict and left access to Ivorian nationality wide-open to immigrants from neighboring countries. Unlike Houphouët-Boigny, Bedié emphasized the concept of "Ivority" (Ivoirité) to exclude his rival Alassane Ouattara. Under his direction, having only one parent of Ivory Coast nationality was sufficient proof of citizenship to be elected president of Cote d'Ivoire. As people originating from Burkina Faso are a large part of the Ivorian population, this policy excluded many people from Ivorian nationality, and the relationship between various ethnic groups became strained.
1999 coup
Similarly, Bédié excluded many potential opponents from the army. In late 1999, a group of dissatisfied officers staged a military coup, putting General Robert Guéi in power. Bédié fled to exile in France. The coup successfully reduced crime and corruption, and its leaders, the army general corps, pressed for austerity and openly campaigned in the streets for a less wasteful society.
Gbagbo administration
A presidential election was held in October 2000. the candidates were Laurent Gbagbo and Guéi, but it was neither peaceful nor democratic. The lead-up to the election was marked by military and civil unrest. Guéi's was discovered in an attempt to rig the election. This led to a public uprising, resulting in almost 200 deaths and his swift replacement by the election's likely winner, Gbagbo. Alassane Ouattara was disqualified by the country's Supreme Court, due to his Burkinabé nationality. This sparked further violent protests in which Ouattara's supporters, predominantly from the country's Muslim north, battled riot police in the capital, Yamoussoukro.
2002 mutiny
In the early hours of September 19, 2002, troops, who were to be demobilized, mutinied. They launched attacks in several cities. By noon the Government claimed to have beaten the rebels; when in fact they had lost control of the north of the country, which remains divided from the south. The fight for control of the south had been tough also. The battle for the main Gendarmerie Barracks in Abidjan lasted till mid-morning. What exactly happened that night is disputed. The Gbagbo government said that former president Robert Guéi had led a coup attempt, and state television showed pictures of Guéi's dead body in the street. Counter-claims said that he and fifteen others had been murdered at his home and his body had been dragged into the streets to incriminate him. Alassane Ouattara, his home burned down, took refuge in the French embassy.
President Gbagbo cut short a foreign trip to Italy, and on his return said some of the rebels were hiding in the shanty towns where foreign migrant workers live. Gendarmes and vigilantes attacked the migrant workers, bulldozed and burned thousands of their homes.
An early ceasefire with the rebels, who had the backing of the northern populace (mostly of Burkinabé origin), proved short-lived and fighting over the prime cocoa-growing areas resumed. France sent in troops to maintain the cease-fire boundaries, and militias, including warlords and fighters from Liberia and Sierra Leone, took advantage of the crisis to seize parts of the west.
2003 unity government
In January 2003, President Gbagbo and rebel leaders signed accords creating a 'government of national unity'. Curfews were lifted and French troops cleaned up the lawless western border of the country. But the central problems remained, and neither side achieved its goals.
After that President Gbagbo's Unity government has proven unstable. In March 2004, 120 people were killed in an opposition rally. A later report concluded the killings were government planned. Though United Nations peacekeepers were deployed, relations between Gbagbo and the opposition continued to deteriorate.
Politics
The official capital became Yamoussoukroin 1983. However, Abidjan remains the administrative center. Most countries maintain their embassies in Abidjan, although some (including the United Kingdom) have closed their missions because of the continuing violence and attacks on Europeans. The population continues to suffer because of an ongoing civil war. International human rights organizations have noted ongoing problems with the treatment of captive non-combatants by both sides and the re-emergence of child slavery among workers in cocoa production.
Stemming from the incidents which occurred on September 19, 2002, a civil war broke out, and the north part of the country has been seized by the rebels, the New Forces (FN). A new presidential election was expected to be held in October, 2005. However, this new election could not be held on time due to delay in preparation and was been postponed until October 2006 after an agreement was reached among the rival parties.
Administrative Divisions
Côte d'Ivoire is divided into 19 regions (régions), which are further divided into 58 departments (départements).
Geography
Côte d'Ivoire is a country of western Sub-Saharan Africa. It borders Liberia and Guinea in the west, Mali and Burkina Faso in the north, Ghana in the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) in the south.
Economy
Maintaining close ties to France since independence in 1960, diversification of agriculture for export and encouragement of foreign investment has made Côte d'Ivoire one of the most prosperous of the tropical African states. Although in recent years Côte d'Ivoire has been subject to the global marketplace for its coffee and cocoa, as the main export crops, along with tropical wood, timber, and tuna. Internal corruption makes life difficult for the farmers and growers and for those exporting into foreign markets.
Demographics
Côte d'Ivoire has an area of 320,763 square kilometers (123,847 square miles).
The population is considered to be 77 percent Ivorian. They represent several different people and language groups. Among the several people groups are an estimated 65 languages spoken. Some of the most common include Djoula which acts as a trade language as well as a language commonly spoken by the Muslim population.
Cote d'Ivoire has established itself as one of the most successful West African nations. Nearly 20 percent of the population consists of workers from neighboring Liberia, Burkina Faso and Guinea. This has created steadily increasing tension in recent years, especially as most of these workers are Muslim, while the native-born population is largely Christian (primarily Roman Catholic) and animist. The population four percent non-African ancestry. Many are French, British, and Spanish citizens, as well as Protestant missionaries of American and Canadian background. In November 2004, more than 10,000 French and other foreign nationals evacuated Cote d'Ivoire due to attacks from pro-government youth militias.
Culture
The culture has remained split between the many tribal cultures and the French culture. Traditional stilt-walkers of the Man forest mountaineers, along with Senufo mask carvers, dancing to drums and xylophones, as well as the wooden sculptures and fine gold jewelry of the Baule artists round tyhe country's expressions.
- Islam in Côte d'Ivoire: One forth of the population adheres to Islam mostly in Abidjan, and northwest. [1]. See also the list of writers from Côte d'Ivoire at [2].
Bernard B. Dadie, the famous novelist,along with Goffi Jadeau and Amon d'Aby won attention for national theater plays. A Muslim, Ahmadou Kourouma, wrote the Ivorian novel, The Suns of Independence, (1968 Les Soleils des independence's)
- African Art of Côte d'Ivoire: The museum in Abidjan has the best example. See: [3].
History
The country was originally known in English as Ivory Coast, and corresponding translations in other languages: Côte-d'Ivoire in French, Elfenbeinküste in German, Costa de Marfil in Spanish, Norsunluurannikko in Finnish, Pantai Gading in Indonesian, Ivoorkust in Dutch, Wybrzeże Kości Słoniowej in Polish, Costa d'Avorio in Italian, Elefántcsontpart in Hungarian , Ακτή Ελεφαντοστού in Greek and so on. In October 1985 the government requested that the country be known as Côte d'Ivoire in every language, without the hyphen, contravening the standard rule in French that geographical names with several words must be written with hyphens.
Name
Despite the Ivorian government's ruling, "Ivory Coast" (sometimes "the Ivory Coast") is still used in English. Governments, however, use "Côte d'Ivoire" for diplomatic reasons. The English country name registered with the United Nations and adopted by ISO 3166 is "Côte d'Ivoire". Journalistic style guides usually (but not always) recommend "Ivory Coast":
- The Guardian newspaper's Style Guide says: "Ivory Coast, not "the Ivory Coast" or "Côte D'Ivoire"; its nationals are Ivorians"
- The BBC usually uses "Ivory Coast" both in news reports and on its page about the country [4].
- The Economist newsmagazine's Style Guide says "Côte d'Ivoire not Ivory Coast".
- The United States Department of State uses "Côte d'Ivoire" in formal documents, but uses "Ivory Coast" in many general references, speeches and briefing documents [5].
- Encyclopædia Britannica uses "Côte d'Ivoire".
- ABC News, The Times, the New York Times and SABC all use "Ivory Coast" either exclusively or predominantly.
- Rand-McNally Millennium World Atlas uses "Côte d'Ivoire".
- FIFA uses Côte d'Ivoire when referring to their national football team in international games and in official broadcasts.
Miscellaneous topics
- Civil war in Côte d'Ivoire
- National football team of Côte d'Ivoire
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- This article contains material from the CIA World Factbook which, as a U.S. government publication, is in the public domain. 2000
- This article contains material from the US Department of State's Background Notes which, as a US government publication, is in the public domain. 2003
"Cote d'Ivoire" Encyclopedia Britannica 2006 Encyclopedia Britannica Online Library Edition 11- July 2006 http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-55118,
External links
Government
- Embassy of Côte d'Ivoire in Japan government information and links
News
- allAfrica - Côte d'Ivoirenews headline links
- Abidjan.Net news forums links
Overviews
- BBC News - Country Profile: Ivory Coast
- CIA World Factbook - Cote d'Ivoire
- Library of Congress Country Study - Ivory Coast data as of November 1988
Directories
- The Index on Africa - Côte d'Ivoire directory category
- Open Directory Project - Côte d'Ivoire directory category
- Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: Cote d'Ivoire - Ivory Coast directory category
- University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center: Cote d'Ivoire directory category
- Yahoo! - Cote d'Ivoire directory category
Tourism
- Travel guide to Côte d'Ivoire from Wikitravel
- Travel Overview of Côte d'Ivoire
- Lonely Planet - Cote d'Ivoire
Other
- Map of Côte d'Ivoire
- (French) Parti Ivoirien du Peuple
- Global Security - Ivory Coast Conflict
- Akwaba in Ivory Coast
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1 Partly in Asia. 2 Mostly in Europe. 3 Includes the dependencies of Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha.
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